Rates of oropharyngeal cancer – cancer affecting the back of the mouth and throat – are increasing significantly among people living with HIV, particularly heterosexual men, according to research presented this week at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2026) in Denver. The findings highlight a concerning trend and underscore the need for increased awareness and screening within this population.
The observational study, conducted by researchers from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), revealed a nearly threefold increase in oropharyngeal cancer diagnoses since 2000. This rise is particularly pronounced among heterosexual men aged 50 and older, prompting calls for further investigation into the underlying causes and improved preventative measures. Understanding the factors driving this increase in oropharyngeal cancer is crucial for protecting the health of individuals living with HIV.
Oropharyngeal cancers develop in areas including the base of the tongue, the soft palate, and the tonsils. Although several factors can contribute to the development of these cancers, the most common causes are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16. The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 60,000 people in the United States will be diagnosed with a cancer of the mouth or throat in 2026.
Shifting Incidence Rates
Data presented at CROI 2026 showed a stark contrast in diagnoses over time. Researchers reported 14 new cases of oropharyngeal cancer in the years 2000-2002, rising to 23 cases between 2003-2005. More recently, between 2015-2017, 55 new cases were identified, and this number remained high with 49 new cases reported from 2018-2020. This alarming trend, as described by researchers, necessitates a closer look at the factors at play.
The study findings suggest that heterosexual men with HIV may benefit from regular screening for oropharyngeal cancer, especially if they have a history of smoking, alcohol use, or immunosuppression. Immunosuppression, a weakening of the immune system, can increase susceptibility to HPV infection and potentially contribute to cancer development.
The Role of HPV and HIV
While the exact reasons for the increase in oropharyngeal cancer among people with HIV remain unclear, researchers are investigating the interplay between HIV infection, HPV, and immune function. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection, and certain strains are known to cause oropharyngeal cancer. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV, may be less able to clear HPV infections, increasing their risk of developing cancer.
The increase in oropharyngeal cancer over time is “alarming,” and the reasons for this increase are unclear, according to researchers. Further research is needed to determine the specific factors driving this trend and to develop effective prevention strategies.
What Does This Imply for the Future?
The findings presented at CROI 2026 serve as a critical reminder of the evolving health needs of individuals living with HIV. As people with HIV live longer, healthier lives thanks to advancements in treatment, they are too at increased risk for age-related conditions, including cancer. Continued monitoring of cancer incidence rates and investment in research are essential to address this growing public health concern. The need for more research to understand the specific factors driving this increase in oropharyngeal cancer among heterosexual men with HIV is paramount.
This research underscores the importance of proactive healthcare for individuals living with HIV, including regular medical checkups and screenings for potential health risks. If you have concerns about your risk for oropharyngeal cancer, please consult with your healthcare provider.
Disclaimer: This article provides informational content and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.
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