Pioneering ‘Living’ Computers Powered by Human Cells: The Race to Develop Biocomputing Solutions

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October 4, 2025

Vevey, Switzerland – A small, dedicated group of researchers is challenging the very definition of computation, striving to build computers not from silicon, but from living cells. This emerging field, known as biocomputing, promises a radical departure from traditional computing and could revolutionize Artificial intelligence.

The potential benefits are enormous. If prosperous, biocomputers could replicate the energy efficiency of the human brain, consuming a fraction of the power required by today’s data centers. Moreover, they could offer novel approaches to machine learning, mimicking the brain’s ability to adapt and learn.

The Birth of “Wetware“

dr. Fred Jordan, co-founder of the finalspark lab in Switzerland, is at the forefront of this research. He and his team are pioneering a new material for computing which they’ve dubbed “wetware.” This involves cultivating neurons into clusters called organoids,microscopic 3D cell structures resembling miniature brains. these organoids are then connected to electrodes,enabling researchers to send and recieve electrical signals.

The process begins wiht stem cells sourced from human skin, obtained from a specialized clinic in Japan. According to Dr. Jordan, demand for these cells is high, with numerous individuals volunteering to contribute. However, strict quality control measures ensure that only cells from certified suppliers are utilized.

How Does It Work?

Inside the FinalSpark laboratory, cellular biologist Dr. Flora Brozzi showcased the organoids – tiny, white spheres representing the building blocks of this revolutionary technology. While nowhere near the complexity of a human brain, these organoids contain the fundamental components necessary for computation.

Researchers attach these organoids to electrodes. Electrical signals are then transmitted, attempting to elicit responses mimicking computer operations. Successful interaction manifests as a visible spike in activity on a connected computer screen. However, the process is not always reliable. A recent demonstration revealed a sudden cessation of responses, followed by an unexpected burst of electrical activity, the cause of which remains a mystery.

The ultimate goal is to trigger learning within the neurons, enabling the biocomputer to adapt and perform complex tasks. As Dr. Jordan explained, mirroring the input-output dynamics of Artificial Intelligence is crucial.For example, presenting an image of a cat and receiving the correct identification as output.

The Challenges of Sustaining Life

Unlike conventional computers that simply require a power source, biocomputers face the unique challenge of maintaining the viability of living cells. Simon Schultz, Professor of Neurotechnology at Imperial College London, highlights the critical issue of nutrient delivery. “organoids lack blood vessels,” he explains, “whereas the human brain is richly supplied with vasculature to ensure adequate nourishment. Replicating this critical aspect remains a significant obstacle.”

Currently, FinalSpark’s organoids can survive for up to four months, representing progress but still falling short of long-term operational requirements. Researchers have also observed peculiar phenomena during the organoids’ final moments. A surge of activity mirroring the biological signs preceding death in living organisms has been recorded,prompting both captivation and further examination.

Component	Traditional Computer	Biocomputer
Core Material	Silicon	Living Cells (Neurons)
Energy Consumption	High	Perhaps Very Low
Maintenance	Power Supply	Nutrient Supply & Life Support
Adaptability	Programmed	potential for Organic Learning

Broader Implications and Global Efforts

finalspark isn’t the only institution exploring biocomputing. In 2022, Australian firm Cortical labs successfully demonstrated artificial neurons playing the classic video game, Pong. Simultaneously, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in the United States are constructing “mini-brains” to model neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s and Autism, leveraging these models for drug development.

Experts believe that biocomputing is unlikely to replace silicon-based computing entirely. Instead,it will likely complement existing technologies,offering specialized solutions and advancing biomedical research. Dr. Lena Smirnova of Johns Hopkins University emphasizes the potential to reduce reliance on animal testing while enhancing our understanding of the brain.

The Future of Computing: A Timeline

The field of computing has undergone rapid transformations. From the bulky mainframe computers of the mid-20th century to today’s ubiquitous microchips, innovation has been relentless. Biocomputing represents the next potential leap. while truly functional biocomputers are still years away, current research is laying the groundwork for:

• Enhanced AI algorithms inspired by the brain’s efficiency.
• New drug finding methods utilizing biocomputational models.
• A potentially radical reduction in the energy consumption of data centers.

As the technology matures,ethical considerations surrounding the use of biological materials and the potential for unintended consequences will need careful attention.

Frequently Asked Questions about Biocomputing

What is biocomputing?

Biocomputing is an emerging field that involves using biological materials, specifically neurons, to create computing systems.

How are biocomputers different from traditional computers?

Biocomputers utilize living cells instead of silicon chips, potentially offering greater energy efficiency and adaptive capabilities.

What are the main challenges in developing biocomputers?

Major hurdles include maintaining the viability of the cells, providing adequate nutrient supply, and achieving reliable signal transmission.

What are the potential applications of biocomputing?

Potential applications include advanced AI, drug discovery, and disease modeling.

Is biocomputing likely to replace traditional computers?

Experts believe biocomputing will likely complement, rather than replace, silicon-based computing, offering unique advantages in specific areas.

What is “wetware” in the context of biocomputing?

“Wetware” is a term used to describe the biological components,such as neurons and organoids,used in biocomputing systems.

What are your thoughts on the future of biocomputing? Do you believe living computers could truly revolutionize the tech landscape? Share your comments below!