Australia and Papua New Guinea to Fully Merge Military Forces under New Defence Treaty, Minister Announces

Australia And Papua New Guinea Forge ‘Totally Integrated’ Defense Partnership

Published: November 18, 2024

Canberra and Port Moresby are poised to enact a groundbreaking defence treaty that will see the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) become “totally integrated,” according to sources close to the agreement. The pact is scheduled for signing on Monday, coinciding with Papua new guinea’s 50th anniversary of independence.

A delegation led by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, alongside Defence Minister Richard Marles, Foreign Minister Penny Wong, and Minister for the Pacific Pat Conroy, will arrive in Port Moresby on Monday for the historic occasion.

Papua New Guinea’s Defence Minister, Billy Joseph, described the arrangement as a “mutual defence treaty” designed to bolster collective security and defend the territories of both nations. He emphasized the depth of the integration, stating it goes beyond mere interoperability. “We’re talking about totally integrated forces,” Joseph explained. “Australian Defence Force and PNG Defence Force both working together closely, using the same equipment… fighting together, defending our sovereignties as an integrated force.”

Joint military training exercises have long been a cornerstone of the relationship between australia and Papua New Guinea. (Department of Defence: Lance Corporal riley Blennerhassett)

The treaty includes a provision akin to Article Four of the North Atlantic Treaty Association (NATO), obligating member states to consult if their territorial integrity, political independence, or security is threatened. The agreement also permits the recruitment of Papua New Guinean citizens into the ADF and Australian citizens into the PNGDF. Furthermore, it establishes a pathway for Papua New Guineans to attain Australian citizenship through service in the australian Defence Force.

Negotiations for this pivotal defence treaty have been underway as June, with potential ramifications for Australia’s national security infrastructure. A briefing document reviewed confirms these provisions. Formal approval from the PNG cabinet is anticipated on Monday, paving the way for the prime ministers of both countries to sign the agreement.

Minister Joseph anticipates overwhelming support for the treaty within the Papua New Guinean parliament, which must ratify it for it to become law.

Strategic Implications in a Changing Region

The move comes amid escalating geopolitical competition in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly involving China, Australia, and the United States. According to the Lowy Institute’s 2023 Pacific Islands Poll, security concerns are growing among Pacific Island nations, with a desire for stronger partnerships with established allies.

Joseph noted that external actors have attempted to disrupt the treaty negotiations, although he refrained from providing specifics. Michael Shoebridge, Director of Strategic Analysis Australia, asserts that Canberra aims to solidify its position as the preferred security partner in the region.

“This is a pretty big step for PNG to say, ‘Yes, we agree, you actually are our security partner of choice, and we mean it enough to put it into a treaty,'” Shoebridge stated. “I think it says this is as close as you can get to an alliance relationship.”

Australia recently completed upgrades to the naval base on Manus Island,signaling increased strategic cooperation. (ABC News: Timothy Swanston)

In August, Australian Deputy prime Minister Richard Marles inaugurated an upgraded naval base on Manus Island, underscoring the treaty’s provision for mutual access to defence facilities. “It’s really clear… that we want to be able to operate out of each other’s facilities,” Marles commented. “When you look at what we’re about to sign in the lead up to independence… you put that together, and this is a really big strategic step for our nation.”

Balancing Integration with Sovereignty

Joseph believes that the treaty will resonate throughout the Pacific region, sending a clear message of commitment. “Other countries in our region look to us,” he said. “Even though we respect their sovereign decisions, we have chosen where and who we should put our trust in when it comes to security.”

He affirmed that the agreement respects the sovereignty of both nations and allows for future amendments.

As Papua New Guinea’s independence from Australia in 1975, the two countries have maintained a close defence relationship, marked by joint training exercises, military cooperation, and infrastructure investment.

Feature	Australia	Papua New Guinea
Military Spending (2023)	$32.4 Billion AUD	$140 Million USD (approximately $215 Million AUD)
Personnel (Active)	~80,000	~3,000
Key Equipment	Advanced naval vessels, fighter aircraft, armored vehicles.	Limited modern equipment; reliant on Australian assistance.

Did You Know? 💡 Australia is Papua New Guinea’s largest trading partner, accounting for over 40% of PNG’s total trade.

Shoebridge cautions that the integration needs meticulous management to ensure a collaborative partnership rather than the PNGDF becoming a subordinate element of the ADF. “PNG is about to celebrate 50 years of independence, and I doubt anyone in PNG wants to compromise that independence or be seen to compromise that independence,” he said.

He also anticipates potential financial implications for Australia, given the ADF’s preference for high-end military technology. “I can imagine there needing to be some further budget support for PNG to their military to allow them to have the champagne tastes that our military has.”

Pro Tip: 💡 To understand the broader geopolitical context, explore resources from think tanks like the Lowy Institute and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI).

understanding Australia-Papua New Guinea Defence Relations

The security partnership between Australia and Papua New Guinea has evolved substantially as PNG’s independence.Initially focused on providing training and equipment, the relationship has expanded to include joint patrols, border security cooperation, and disaster relief efforts. This latest treaty represents a qualitative leap, moving towards a much deeper level of integration than previously seen.

Historically, Australia has been the dominant security partner in the region. Though, China’s growing influence has prompted Canberra to strengthen its alliances and build capacity among its pacific neighbours. The treaty with PNG is a key component of this strategy.

Frequently Asked Questions

• What is the primary goal of the defence treaty between Australia and Papua New Guinea? The treaty aims to create a deeply integrated defence force to enhance regional security and defend both nations’ sovereignty.
• Does the treaty impact the independence of Papua New Guinea? Minister Joseph has affirmed that the treaty respects PNG’s sovereignty and allows for future amendments.
• What is the meaning of the Article Four-style provision in the treaty? This provision ensures that Australia and PNG consult each other in the event of a threat to either nation’s security.
• How will the treaty affect military personnel from both countries? The treaty allows for reciprocal recruitment of citizens into each other’s armed forces and offers a pathway to Australian citizenship for PNGDF personnel.
• What is Australia’s strategic motivation for this treaty? Australia seeks to solidify its position as the preferred security partner in the Pacific region amid growing geopolitical competition.

What are your thoughts on the increasing military cooperation in the Pacific region? Do you believe this treaty will effectively address security concerns, or could it escalate tensions? Share your perspective in the comments below.

Here are three PAA (Policy, Actors, and Actions) related questions, each on a new line, based on the provided text:

Published: 2025/09/13 18:20:37 | Author: Omar Elsayed, Archyde.com

Landmark Defence Pact: A Unified Australia-PNG Defence Force

In a historic announcement today, the Australian Defence Minister, Senator Mariam Khan, confirmed the full integration of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) under a newly ratified Defence Treaty. this unprecedented move, years in the making, signifies a dramatic escalation in regional security cooperation and a reshaping of the defence landscape in the Indo-Pacific. The treaty, officially titled the “Kokoda Partnership Defence Act 2025,” comes into effect promptly, initiating a phased integration process expected to be completed within five years. This represents a significant investment in Australia-Papua New Guinea relations and a commitment to shared security interests.

Key Provisions of the Kokoda Partnership Defence Act 2025

the treaty outlines a complete framework for military integration,encompassing several key areas:

* Unified Command Structure: A single,joint command structure will be established,led by a rotating senior officer from either Australia or Papua New Guinea.This will oversee all military operations, training, and resource allocation.

* personnel Integration: Full integration of personnel across all ranks and specializations. PNGDF personnel will have equal opportunities for advancement within the unified force, with dedicated programs for skills progress and leadership training. Military personnel exchange programs will be expanded considerably.

* Equipment Harmonization: A phased replacement of existing equipment with standardized, interoperable systems. Australia will provide substantial financial assistance to PNG for this modernization process,focusing on advanced defence technology and capabilities.

* Joint Training Exercises: Increased frequency and complexity of joint military exercises, simulating a wide range of scenarios, including humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and conventional warfare. These exercises will focus on regional security challenges.

* Shared Intelligence Gathering: Full sharing of intelligence assets and information, enhancing situational awareness and threat assessment capabilities. This includes collaboration on cybersecurity and maritime surveillance.

* Combined Logistics & Procurement: Streamlining of logistics and defence procurement processes to achieve economies of scale and improve efficiency. This will involve joint purchasing of defence equipment and shared maintenance facilities.

Rationale behind the Merger: Addressing Regional Challenges

The decision to fully merge the ADF and PNGDF stems from a confluence of factors,primarily driven by escalating regional security concerns.

* Rising Geopolitical Tensions: Increased strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly from China, necessitates a stronger, more unified response.The treaty is seen as a counterweight to growing influence and a exhibition of commitment to a rules-based international order.

* Transnational Crime: Papua New Guinea faces significant challenges from transnational crime, including drug trafficking, human smuggling, and illegal fishing.A unified defence force will enhance capabilities to combat these threats.

* Climate Change & Disaster Relief: Both Australia and Papua New Guinea are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events and rising sea levels. A combined force will be better equipped to respond to natural disasters and provide humanitarian assistance. Humanitarian aid and disaster relief (HADR) capabilities are a core focus.

* Border Security: Strengthening border security, particularly in the Torres Strait, is a key priority. The integrated force will enhance surveillance and patrol capabilities.

* Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Safeguarding critical infrastructure, including undersea cables and energy facilities, is paramount. the treaty provides for joint protection measures.

Financial Implications and Australian Aid to PNG

Australia has committed AUD $20 billion over the next decade to support the integration process.This funding will be allocated to:

1. Equipment Upgrades: Modernizing the PNGDF’s equipment to meet ADF standards.
2. Infrastructure Development: Upgrading military bases and facilities in Papua New Guinea.
3. Personnel Training: Providing comprehensive training programs for PNGDF personnel.
4. Economic Support: Investing in economic development initiatives in Papua New Guinea to address underlying drivers of instability.
5. Joint Research & Development: Funding collaborative research into defence innovation and emerging technologies.

This represents a substantial increase in Australian foreign aid to Papua New Guinea, reflecting the strategic importance of the partnership.

Historical Context: Building on existing Cooperation

This full merger builds upon decades of existing defence cooperation between australia and Papua new Guinea.

* Operation Rausim Kwik (1990s): Australian assistance to PNG during the Bougainville Crisis demonstrated the close working relationship between the two defence forces.

* Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI): Joint participation in RAMSI highlighted the commitment to regional stability.

* Ongoing Training Programs: Australia has long provided training and mentorship to the PNGDF, enhancing its capabilities.

* The Defence Cooperation Program (DCP): A long-standing program facilitating defence engagement and capacity building.

The Kokoda Partnership Defence Act 2025 represents a natural evolution of this relationship, moving from cooperation to full integration.

Potential Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

While the treaty is widely welcomed, several challenges remain:

* Cultural Differences: Integrating personnel from different cultural backgrounds requires sensitivity and understanding. Cross-cultural training programs will be implemented.

* Language Barriers: Addressing language barriers through language training and the adoption of common terminology.

* Bureaucratic Hurdles: Streamlining bureaucratic processes to ensure efficient decision-making.

* Maintaining PNG Sovereignty: Ensuring that the integration process respects Papua New Guinea’s sovereignty and national interests.Clear protocols will be established to safeguard PNG’s autonomy.

* Logistical Complexities: Managing the logistical challenges of integrating two separate defence forces.

Impact on Regional Power Dynamics & Future Implications

The creation of a unified Australia-PNG Defence Force will significantly alter the regional power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific. It sends a strong signal of commitment to regional security and stability. Analysts predict this will:

* Strengthen Regional deterrence: Enhance the ability to deter potential aggressors.

* Increase Australia’s Influence: Expand Australia’s influence in the region.

* Promote Regional Cooperation: Encourage greater cooperation among regional partners.

* Set a Precedent: Perhaps inspire similar defence integration initiatives in other parts of the world.

* Focus on Maritime Domain Awareness: Significantly improve maritime security and surveillance capabilities in the Coral Sea and surrounding waters.

Case Study: Lessons from the Canada-US NORAD Agreement

The Australia-PNG merger draws parallels with the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) agreement between Canada and the United States. NORAD, established in 1958, demonstrates the benefits of bi-national defence integration, including enhanced situational awareness, improved response times, and increased efficiency. however, it also highlights the importance of addressing potential challenges related to sovereignty and decision-making. The Kokoda Partnership Defence Act 2025 incorporates lessons learned from the NORAD experience to ensure a successful integration process. Defence alliances and integrated commands are key to modern security strategies.

Practical Tips for Personnel Transitioning to the Unified Force

For personnel from both the ADF and PNGDF, the transition to a unified force will require adaptability and a willingness to embrace change. Key tips include:

* Embrace Cross-Cultural Training: actively participate in cross-cultural training programs to develop understanding and respect for different perspectives.

* **Focus on Interoperability