Border Tension Escalates: Evacuations Surge as Thailand and Cambodia Clash

Cambodia Accuses Thailand of Cluster Munition Use Amid border Clashes

Phnom Penh, cambodia – Cambodia’s Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA) has accused Thailand of using cluster munitions in populated areas near the border, escalating tensions in the ongoing clashes. Ground reports from local authorities and demining teams indicated the use of these weapons around Phnom Khmuoch, a populated region situated near the frontier.

Ly Thuch, vice president of the CMAA, condemned the alleged action, stating, “The use of cluster munitions — especially in or near civilian areas — is an unacceptable escalation. It shows complete disregard for human life, humanitarian principles and regional peace.”

The Cambodian Ministry of Defense reiterated these accusations at a press conference, with spokesperson Maly Socheata claiming the actions demonstrate Thailand’s willingness to violate international law. Neither Thailand nor Cambodia are signatories to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which prohibits the production, use, and stockpiling of such weapons.

Meanwhile, Indonesia’s foreign ministry expressed concern over the developing situation, stating it is “closely following the development.” A social media post from the ministry conveyed confidence that “the two neighboring countries will immediately return to peaceful means to settle their differences in line with the principles enshrined in the ASEAN charter and the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation.”

Earlier, Cambodian Defense Ministry spokesperson Chhum Socheat reported that firing continued overnight, though at a reduced intensity compared to the previous day. he also alleged that the Thai military was employing surveillance drones in Preah Vihear province. “At around 2 a.m., shots were fired from both sides along the border,” Socheat stated. “There has been an exchange of fire from last night until this morning. Our soldiers are in control and protecting all areas,but the Thais are still trying to fly drones to shoot at our areas.”

While Chhum Socheat did not provide casualty figures, Met Measpheakdey, deputy governor of Oddar Meanchey province, where clashes were reported on Thursday, confirmed one civilian fatality and five injured. Thailand’s Second army Area, which is spearheading operations along the border, also confirmed that clashes persisted on Friday.Updated casualty figures from Thailand’s Ministry of Health,posted by deputy spokesperson Varoth Chotpitayasunondh,indicated 13 civilians and one soldier killed,with 32 civilians and 14 soldiers injured.

What are the potential long-term economic consequences for Thailand and Cambodia if the border dispute continues to escalate and disrupt trade?

Recent Clashes and Immediate Impact

Escalating border disputes between Thailand and Cambodia have triggered a surge in evacuations, notably impacting civilian populations near the Preah Vihear Temple and surrounding areas. Reports began surfacing early July 26th, 2025, detailing increased military presence and intermittent skirmishes along the contested border region. The immediate cause appears to be a disagreement over territory adjacent to the ancient Khmer temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site, which has been a flashpoint for conflict in the past.

Affected Areas: Primarily the provinces of Siem Reap (cambodia) and Surin (Thailand).

Evacuation Numbers: Estimates suggest over 5,000 civilians have been evacuated from Cambodian villages closest to the border,with Thai authorities initiating similar procedures in vulnerable communities.

Military Build-up: Both the Royal Thai Army and the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces have reinforced their positions, leading to heightened tensions and a perceived risk of further escalation.

Ancient Context of the Thailand-Cambodia Border Dispute

The current crisis isn’t isolated. The Thailand-Cambodia border dispute has a long and complex history, rooted in colonial-era maps and differing interpretations of territorial boundaries.

1. Preah Vihear Temple Dispute (1962): The International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded the temple to Cambodia in 1962, but disagreements over the surrounding territory persisted.
2. 2008-2011 Clashes: Several armed clashes occurred between 2008 and 2011, resulting in casualties on both sides and further straining relations. These conflicts centered around the same area currently experiencing tension.
3. Ongoing Negotiations: Despite attempts at bilateral talks and mediation efforts, a definitive resolution to the border dispute remains elusive. The lack of clearly demarcated boundaries continues to fuel mistrust and periodic outbreaks of violence.

current Situation: A Breakdown of Events

The latest escalation began with accusations from both sides regarding incursions into each other’s territory.Cambodia alleges Thai soldiers crossed the border and damaged a border marker, while Thailand claims Cambodian troops encroached upon Thai land.These accusations quickly led to a military build-up and, subsequently, armed clashes.

July 25th, 2025: Initial reports of increased military activity and minor skirmishes.

july 26th, 2025 (Morning): Heavy exchange of fire reported near the Preah Vihear Temple. Both sides claim to be acting in self-defence.

July 26th, 2025 (Afternoon): Evacuations initiated by both governments. Diplomatic efforts underway, but progress remains limited.

Weapons Used: Reports indicate the use of small arms, artillery, and potentially mortar fire.

Diplomatic Efforts and International Response

Regional and international actors are urging restraint and calling for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.

ASEAN Involvement: The Association of southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has expressed concern and is attempting to mediate between thailand and Cambodia.

United Nations: The UN Secretary-General has issued a statement calling for de-escalation and offering assistance in facilitating dialog.

Bilateral Talks: Emergency bilateral talks are being proposed, but scheduling and agenda remain points of contention.

China’s Role: As a key regional power and investor in both countries, china’s potential influence in mediating the dispute is meaningful.

Impact on Regional Stability and Tourism

The border clashes have broader implications for regional stability and economic activity.

Regional Security: The conflict risks destabilizing the region and potentially drawing in other countries.

Tourism Decline: The Preah Vihear Temple, a major tourist attraction, is now effectively closed, impacting the tourism industries of both thailand and Cambodia. Border crossings have been suspended,further hindering travel.

economic Disruption: Trade between the two countries is highly likely to be disrupted, impacting local economies and supply chains.

Refugee Crisis: A prolonged conflict could lead to a larger refugee crisis, placing a strain on neighboring countries.

Travel Advisories and Safety Recommendations

Travelers planning to visit Thailand or Cambodia, particularly areas near the border, are advised to exercise extreme caution.

Government Travel Advisories: Check the latest travel advisories issued by your government before traveling.

Avoid Border Areas: Avoid all non-essential travel to the border region.

Register with Embassy: Register your travel plans with your embassy or consulate.

Stay Informed: Monitor local news and developments closely.

Emergency Contacts: Have emergency contact information readily available.

Case Study: The 2008-201