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Brazil is experiencing a rise in mpox cases in 2026, with a current total of 81 confirmed infections, according to the Ministry of Health. While the majority of cases are mild to moderate, the increase prompts continued vigilance and monitoring from public health officials. The majority of those affected are adults, highlighting a key demographic in the current outbreak.
The largest concentration of cases is located in the state of São Paulo, accounting for 57 of the confirmed infections. Other affected states include Rio de Janeiro (13), Rondônia (4), Minas Gerais (3), Rio Grande do Sul (2), the Federal District (1), and Paraná (1). Health authorities are actively working with state epidemiological surveillance agencies to track the spread and implement appropriate control measures.
This uptick in mpox cases follows a more significant outbreak in 2025, where Brazil recorded 1,079 cases and, tragically, two deaths. The current situation, while concerning, is characterized by less severe illness, with no deaths reported so far this year. The Ministry of Health emphasizes that the Unified Health System (SUS) is prepared for early identification, clinical management, and patient follow-up.
Understanding Mpox: Symptoms and Transmission
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral disease caused by the MPXV virus, belonging to the Orthopoxvirus family. The infection typically begins with symptoms resembling other viral infections, such as fever, headache, and muscle pain. These initial symptoms are often followed by the development of characteristic skin lesions – blisters, sores, or crusts – that are a hallmark of the disease.
Key symptoms of mpox include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue or weakness
- Swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits, or groin)
- Skin eruptions or lesions
Transmission of mpox can occur through close contact with an infected individual or with materials contaminated by the virus, such as clothing or bedding. Contact tracing for 14 days is being utilized to interrupt chains of transmission, as per Ministry of Health protocols. Individuals experiencing symptoms are advised to seek medical attention and practice social isolation while awaiting evaluation.
New Variants and Ongoing Monitoring
The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed the emergence of a new recombinant variant of mpox, prompting increased global vigilance. While this new variant is under close scrutiny, current data does not indicate that it causes more severe illness. However, continued monitoring is crucial to assess any potential changes in the virus’s behavior. As of February 18, 2026, 48 cases had been confirmed nationally, a figure that has since risen to 81, according to the Ministry of Health .
In São Paulo, the state health secretariat reports 44 confirmed cases this year, based on 185 notifications received. Of those notifications, 71 remain suspected, 57 have been ruled out, and one is classified as probable. The state health department affirms its commitment to continuous monitoring and coordination with municipal health departments.
What to Expect Moving Forward
Brazilian health authorities are maintaining active surveillance and emphasizing the importance of prevention, rapid diagnosis, and isolation as key strategies for controlling the spread of mpox. The SUS remains prepared to provide care and support to those affected. The situation is evolving, and ongoing monitoring will be essential to understand the trajectory of the outbreak and implement effective public health interventions.
Stay informed about mpox and consult with healthcare professionals if you experience any concerning symptoms. Sharing this information can help raise awareness and protect our communities.
Disclaimer: This article provides informational content about mpox and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of any health condition.