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The January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol remains a stark image in recent history. However, a less-reported but equally dramatic defense of democracy unfolded in South Korea, offering a powerful example of how citizens can safeguard their political freedoms. In December 2024, former South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol’s attempt to impose martial law was met with swift resistance from lawmakers and, crucially, widespread public mobilization.
The crisis began late at night on December 3, 2024, when President Yoon announced the imposition of martial law on live television. Thousands of protesters quickly gathered outside the National Assembly building as special forces troops were deployed. Nearly 200 lawmakers barricaded themselves inside the legislature to vote down the declaration, a move famously punctuated by opposition leader Lee Jae Myung leaping a fence to enter the building after being blocked by police. The vote succeeded, leading to Yoon’s impeachment, removal from office, and a recent prison sentence – a swift and decisive outcome that has been hailed as a victory for democratic principles.
A Rapid Response to an Attempted Power Grab
The speed and unity with which South Korean political leaders responded to Yoon’s actions were critical. Despite deep political polarization, both Yoon’s party and the opposition quickly worked to de-escalate the situation and uphold democratic norms. However, new research suggests that the resilience of South Korean democracy wasn’t solely due to political maneuvering; it was fueled by the active participation of ordinary citizens who recognized the threat to their freedoms.
South Korea’s commitment to democracy is rooted in its transition from a military dictatorship in 1987. Since then, the country has experienced a dynamic political landscape, navigating periods of progressive and conservative leadership, and grappling with recurring corruption scandals. Yoon Suk Yeol, a former prosecutor general who gained prominence through corruption cases – including that of former President Park Geun-hye – was elected in 2022 on a wave of anti-incumbent sentiment. However, his presidency was marked by struggles, a loss in the 2024 midterm elections, and declining approval ratings. Increasingly, Yoon expressed concerns about Communist infiltration, ultimately leading to the martial law declaration under the pretext of protecting the nation from “anti-state” forces.
The Power of Civic Engagement
What distinguished South Korea’s response was the immediate and robust reaction from its citizenry. Drawing on a strong tradition of protest stemming from the movement to overthrow the military dictatorship, thousands mobilized within minutes to challenge Yoon’s declaration. Professors Lee Jae-seung and Lee Dae-joong, in a 2025 paper analyzing the crisis, emphasize the “high level of civic awareness and voluntary participation” as essential to restoring democratic resilience. They note that citizens weren’t intimidated by the military presence, actively confronting armored vehicles and, according to their research, potentially preventing the arrest – and possible execution – of lawmakers before the parliamentary vote could take place.
This episode challenges conventional understandings of democratic resilience, which often focus on structural factors like economic development, political polarization, or institutional design. Whereas these elements are undoubtedly important, the South Korean case highlights the crucial role of public perception and response. When citizens perceive a direct threat to their political freedoms, they are capable of extraordinary action to defend them. The survival of democracy, it appears, is significantly influenced by how ordinary people understand and react to potential authoritarian overreach.
The implications of this are clear: those with influence and platforms must prioritize making the potential for authoritarianism visible to the public. A key takeaway is the importance of fostering a citizenry that is informed, engaged, and willing to defend its democratic values.
Looking ahead, South Korea’s experience serves as a vital case study for democracies worldwide. The country is now led by President Lee Jae Myung, who played a pivotal role in resisting the attempted power grab. The focus now shifts to rebuilding trust in institutions and addressing the underlying political divisions that contributed to the crisis. Further research into the factors that motivated citizen engagement will be crucial for strengthening democratic safeguards globally.
What are your thoughts on the role of citizen engagement in protecting democracy? Share your perspective in the comments below.