Since the implementation of Beijing’s national security law in Hong Kong in 2020, more than 60 civil society organizations—including unions, churches, media outlets, and political parties—have disbanded, marking a significant decline in the vibrant pro-democracy landscape of the region. This wave of closures accelerated notably in the latter half of 2021, as many prominent voices of dissent faced increasing pressure and threats to their operations.
The disbanding of these groups highlights the ongoing challenges facing activists and organizations that emerged in the wake of the 2014 Umbrella Movement and the 2019 protests. Many groups cited a lack of viable paths forward in the current political environment, with fears of repercussions looming large.
In September 2021, then-Chief Executive Carrie Lam asserted that there was no crackdown on civil society, stating, “We respect civic society. Hong Kong has large numbers of NGOs and think tanks and research agencies who are shouldering their civic responsibility in trying to improve Hong Kong’s situation.” She later insisted that the disbandment of these organizations had “nothing to do” with freedom.
Key Organizations That Have Disbanded
Several notable organizations have ceased operations, reflecting the broader trend of repression against civil society in Hong Kong:
Democratic Party
On December 14, 2025, Hong Kong’s Democratic Party officially disbanded after over three decades of operation. This decision, first proposed in February 2025, was influenced by the changing political landscape. Party chair Lo Kin-hei emphasized the demand to consider Hong Kong’s political environment in their decision-making process. The Democratic Party, once the largest opposition party in the Legislative Council, had a significant role in Hong Kong’s political discourse.
League of Social Democrats
The League of Social Democrats (LSD) announced its disbandment on June 29, 2025, citing “tremendous political pressure.” This left-wing group, which had been active for 19 years, marked the fifth anniversary of the national security law’s implementation with its closure. LSD chair Chan Po-ying described the dissolution as part of a “domino effect” among pro-democracy organizations.
China Labour Bulletin
On June 12, 2025, China Labour Bulletin (CLB), a prominent NGO founded in 1994 to support labor movements, announced its disbandment due to financial difficulties. The organization, led by labor activist Han Dongfang, had aimed to provide accurate information about labor rights and support Chinese workers.
Civic Party
The Civic Party officially folded in March 2024 amid a leadership vacuum and increasing political pressure. Founded in 2006, the Civic Party was once a significant player in the legislative arena.
Impact of the National Security Law
The national security law has dramatically altered the landscape of civil society in Hong Kong. Many organizations have cited fears of repercussions for their activities, leading to a chilling effect on dissent. This law has been used to suppress free speech, assembly, and other democratic freedoms.
Closure of Media Outlets
A number of independent media outlets have similarly shut down, reflecting the crackdown on press freedom. Notably, Apple Daily, a key player in Hong Kong’s pro-democracy media landscape, was forced to cease operations in June 2021 after its founder and several executives were arrested under national security charges. Similar fates befell other outlets, such as Stand News and Citizen News, which halted operations amid a deteriorating media environment.
Communal Responses and Support
As organizations have disbanded, community support networks have emerged to assist those affected by the political repression. For instance, groups like the 612 Humanitarian Relief Fund, established to provide financial aid for medical and legal support to activists, announced its closure in October 2021 amid a national security investigation.
Looking Ahead
The future of civil society in Hong Kong remains uncertain. While many organizations have folded, some activists continue to advocate for democratic rights from abroad. The recent reopening of Amnesty International’s Hong Kong office overseas illustrates a shift in strategy among international organizations to support Hongkongers from outside the region.
As the political climate evolves, attention will be focused on how remaining activists adapt to these challenges. The ongoing struggle for democratic freedoms in Hong Kong is far from over, and the international community continues to watch closely.
What are your thoughts on the future of civil society in Hong Kong? Share your insights in the comments below.
