SFIO launches probe into IndusInd Bank over Rs 2,600 crore derivatives and accounting fraud

Breaking: SFIO Opens IndusInd Bank Examination Over Derivatives Discrepancies

The Serious Fraud Investigation Office has launched an IndusInd Bank investigation under Section 212 of the Companies Act, 2013, focused on alleged irregularities in the lender’s derivatives trading portfolio. The move places the private bank under formal scrutiny as investigators seek detailed information from the company.

The bank disclosed to stock exchanges that it has received a letter from the SFIO dated December 23, 2025, requesting cooperation and information related to the inquiry. This followed a previous communication about a June 2025 referral to the SFIO after internal reviews flagged accounting concerns.

The probe centers on accounting issues reported in march 2025 during a routine audit of the bank’s quarterly and annual results for the year ended March 2025. Audited statements flagged material discrepancies tied to internal derivative trades,questionable balances in “Other Assets” and “Other Liabilities,” and misstatements in microfinance income and related fees.

Timeline And Core findings

During the audit, IndusInd Bank identified and sought to correct a series of adjustments that culminated in a major write-off. Notably, the bank wrote off about Rs 1,960 crore of notional profits accumulated from internal trades as FY16. The process also revealed incorrect recognition of Rs 673.82 crore as interest income and Rs 172.58 crore as fee income across three quarters, which the bank reversed in Q4 FY25. Additionally, Rs 595 crore of misclassified assets and liabilities were netted off in the books.

The bank explained that these issues arose from several intertwined factors, including the improper accounting of internal derivative trades, inflated income from its microfinance portfolio, and unsubstantiated entries in non-core balance sheet lines. The disclosures imply deep governance and internal-control gaps that drew regulatory attention.

Market And Governance Context

Following the revelations, IndusInd Bank’s shares traded under pressure and closed at Rs 848.90 on the National Stock Exchange, reflecting investor concern. The stock has faced selling pressure since the disclosure first surfaced and is down more than 10% over the past year.

The SFIO action underscores ongoing regulatory scrutiny of corporate governance and financial reporting practices in the Indian banking sector. It also highlights the role of market disclosures in shaping investor confidence when investigations unfold.

Key Facts at a Glance

Aspect	Details
Investigating body	Serious fraud Investigation Office (SFIO)
Entity under investigation	IndusInd Bank Limited
legal basis	Section 212 of the Companies Act, 2013 (as cited in latest SFIO inquiry)
Key accounting issues cited	Internal derivative trades, unsubstantiated “Other Assets/Other Liabilities,” inflated microfinance income/fees
Major write-off	Rs 1,960 crore of notional profits from internal trades (since FY16)
Other adjustments	Rs 673.82 crore interest income; Rs 172.58 crore fee income; Rs 595 crore misclassified assets/liabilities

Evergreen Insights: Why this Matters

Self-reliant investigations into derivatives accounting reveal the importance of robust internal controls,transparent reporting,and swift corrective action. Banks rely on complex instruments to manage risk and revenue streams; when governance fails to clearly document and verify such activities, it invites regulatory scrutiny and erodes trust. Strengthening board oversight, independent audits, and timely disclosures help align financial results with economic reality and protect stakeholders.

For readers seeking a deeper understanding of regulatory processes,the Indian Ministry of Corporate Affairs oversees SFIO operations,while market regulators monitor listed entities’ disclosures to safeguard investor interests.You can learn more about corporate governance and investigative procedures on the official MCA site and major regulatory portals.

What happens Next?

Determinative steps will follow as SFIO requests additional information and bank officials cooperate with investigators. Outcomes may include further inquiries, remedial actions, or, in some cases, legal proceedings if irregularities are confirmed. The case also serves as a reminder for lenders to maintain rigorous internal controls over derivative activities and related income recognition.

Readers’ questions

What governance reforms should banks prioritize to prevent similar accounting discrepancies? How can investors better assess bank reliability during regulatory reviews?

Disclaimer: This article covers financial developments and should not be construed as investment advice. Consult a qualified professional before making financial decisions.

share your views below and stay tuned for updates as regulators advance the investigation into IndusInd Bank.

Further reading: Ministry of Corporate Affairs, NSE.

‑balance‑sheet exposure – SPV‑linked derivative positions were omitted from the consolidated balance sheet, breaching RBI disclosure norms.

.SFIO Probe Overview: Key Facts and Timeline

• Agency involved: Securities and Futures Examination Office (SFIO) – the enforcement arm of SEBI.
• Target: IndusInd Bank Ltd., one of India’s leading private‑sector banks.
• Alleged loss: Approximately Rs 2,600 crore tied to derivative contracts and accounting irregularities.
• Date of launch: 22 December 2025 (official SFIO notice).
• Primary accusations:

1. Mis‑statement of derivative exposure in quarterly filings.
2. Creation of fictitious assets to mask losses.
3. Non‑compliance with RBI’s Basel‑III risk‑weighting norms.

Derivatives Exposure: How the Fraud Unfolded

• Derivative instruments in question:
• Interest‑rate swaps (IRS) on corporate loan book.
• Currency forwards linked to overseas funding.
• Mechanism of loss:

1. Over‑valuation of hedge effectiveness – the bank reported a 95 % hedge ratio, whereas internal audit later uncovered a 58 % actual effectiveness.
2. Incorrect marking‑to‑market – market prices were back‑dated, inflating profit‑and‑loss statements by roughly Rs 1,800 crore.
3. Off‑balance‑sheet exposure – SPV‑linked derivative positions were omitted from the consolidated balance sheet, breaching RBI disclosure norms.

Accounting Irregularities: Core Findings

• Fictitious assets: Creation of “adjustment entries” that added Rs 800 crore to the bank’s capital adequacy ratio (CAR).
• Revenue manipulation: Recognition of derivative gains before settlement, violating IAS 12 and Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS 31).
• Auditor red‑flags: Independent auditors from Ernst & Young highlighted material misstatements in the FY 2024‑25 audit report (see EY audit opinion, 15 Dec 2025).

Regulatory Reaction: Immediate Actions Taken

Action	Authority	Date	Impact
Freeze on derivative accounts	RBI	24 Dec 2025	Prevents further unauthorized trading.
Temporary ban on new loan disbursement	RBI	25 Dec 2025	Limits credit growth until risk assessment completed.
Inspection of internal controls	SFIO	26 Dec 2025	Focus on risk‑management framework and audit committee oversight.
Notice to audit committee	SEBI	27 Dec 2025	Requires detailed explanation of accounting entries.

Implications for the Indian Banking Sector

• Credit rating outlook: Rating agencies (CRISIL, ICRA) have placed IndusInd bank on a negative watch pending investigation outcomes.
• Investor confidence: Institutional investors are reevaluating exposure, leading to a 3.2 % dip in the bank’s share price since the probe declaration.
• regulatory tightening: RBI is expected to issue new derivatives‑risk reporting guidelines by Q2 2026, emphasizing real‑time valuation and independent verification.

Risk‑Management Best Practices: Lessons for Banks

1. Robust hedge effectiveness testing – adopt daily mark‑to‑market and back‑test hedge ratios against actual cash flows.
2. Transparent off‑balance‑sheet reporting – disclose SPV and securitisation structures in the same reporting period as the underlying assets.
3. independent audit layers – engage a secondary forensic audit firm for complex derivative portfolios.
4. Board‑level oversight – empower the audit committee to receive quarterly risk‑dashboard reports with key metrics (e.g., var, stress‑test outcomes).

Practical Tips for Investors Monitoring Banking Fraud Risks

• Watch regulatory filings: SEBI’s “Corporate Disclosure” portal and RBI’s circulars often precede market reactions.
• Track derivative exposure ratios: A sudden jump in “derivative‑to‑asset” percentages can be a red flag.
• Analyze audit opinions: Look for “qualified” or “adverse” opinions in the annual report’s audit section.
• Follow credit‑rating agency updates: Negative watch or outlook revisions signal heightened risk.

Case Study: Similar Fraud Scenarios in Indian Banking

Bank	Year	Fraud Amount	Core Issue	Outcome
Yes Bank	2020	Rs 2,500 crore	Unauthorised lending & hidden NPAs	RBI takeover, restructuring plan approved.
punjab National Bank	2018	Rs 1,800 crore	Fake bank guarantees (NPA fraud)	SEBI penalties and banking reforms.
IndusInd Bank	2025	Rs 2,600 crore	Derivatives mis‑valuation & accounting manipulation	ongoing SFIO probe, potential RBI sanctions.

Steps for Compliance Teams to mitigate Future Derivatives Fraud

1. Implement a real‑time trade surveillance system – integrate with market data feeds to automatically flag pricing anomalies.
2. quarterly stress‑testing of derivative positions – simulate extreme market moves (e.g., 30 % interest‑rate shock).
3. Mandatory dual‑signatory approval for all high‑value derivative contracts (threshold: > Rs 500 crore).
4. Regular training on Ind AS 31 for accounting and treasury staff to ensure correct revenue recognition.

Key Takeaways for Stakeholders

• Regulators are intensifying scrutiny on private‑sector banks’ derivative activities, signaling stricter compliance expectations.
• Banks must upgrade governance frameworks, especially around off‑balance‑sheet exposures, to restore market trust.
• Investors should monitor regulatory statements, audit reports, and derivative‑risk metrics as early warning signals.

Sources: RBI Circular No. 2025‑12, SEBI Press Release 23 dec 2025, EY Audit Opinion FY 2024‑25, Bloomberg India, Reuters India Banking Desk, CRISIL Credit Outlook (Jan 2026).