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Growing International Pressure on Israel: Coal, arms, and Sanctions Mount Amid Gaza Conflict

Bogotá/Madrid/canberra/Brussels – A wave of diplomatic and economic pressure is building against Israel as international concern grows over the ongoing conflict in Gaza and the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories. From halting arms deals to sanctioning settlers and ministers, several nations are taking increasingly concrete steps to signal their disapproval of Israel’s actions and demand an end to the violence.

Colombia has emerged as a especially vocal critic, with President Gustavo Petro announcing a suspension of all coal exports to Israel. “We cannot allow Colombian coal to be turned into bombs that help Israel kill children,” petro stated, framing the decision as a moral imperative. This move is coupled with a pledge to cease all arms trade with Israel, and Colombia’s active participation in the Hague Group – a coalition of 12 countries pushing for an end to the war and the occupation.

The shift isn’t limited to Latin america. In Europe, Spain’s left-wing coalition government has cancelled critically important arms contracts with Israeli companies. A €285 million ($325m) deal for antitank missiles from Rafael was scrapped in June, following an earlier halt to a $7.5 million ammunition purchase. Madrid is also leading calls within the European Union for sanctions and a complete arms embargo against Israel.

Sanctions Target Settlers and Ministers

Beyond arms, Western nations are increasingly targeting individuals linked to violence and settlement activity in the West Bank.Australia, France, and the UK have all imposed sanctions on Israeli settlers accused of escalating violence against Palestinians. Thes actions follow a non-binding opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) deeming all Israeli settlement activity on Palestinian land illegal.In a more direct move, Australia, Canada, New zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom jointly sanctioned far-right Israeli ministers Itamar Ben-Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich in June, citing “incitement of violence” against Palestinians.

The pressure is also manifesting within the EU. Spain, Ireland, and Slovenia have advocated for the suspension of the EU-Israel Association Agreement, while Sweden is urging the European Council to impose sanctions on ministers promoting illegal settlements and obstructing a two-state solution.

EU Funding and ICC Concerns

Despite the growing criticism, the European Union continues to provide ample funding to Israel thru programs like Horizon Europe. This, alongside perceived reluctance from Western leaders to strongly condemn Israel’s actions or support robust UN resolutions, has drawn criticism from human rights advocates.

A particularly sensitive issue is the failure of Western countries to execute arrest warrants issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant,who are accused of war crimes in Gaza.

Corporate Complicity Under Scrutiny

The scope of international scrutiny is expanding to include corporations allegedly aiding Israel’s actions. A recent report by UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese identifies companies involved in the displacement of Palestinians and the “genocidal war on Gaza,” alleging breaches of international law. This report is highly likely to fuel further calls for accountability and potentially led to legal challenges against businesses operating in the region.The mounting pressure reflects a growing international consensus that the status quo is unsustainable and that a fundamental shift in approach is needed to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and ensure respect for international law and human rights.

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What impact do ESG factors have on sovereign wealth fund investment decisions regarding Israel?

Sovereign Wealth Funds Scaling Back Israeli Investments?

Recent Trends in SWF Activity

over the past several months, a noticeable trend has emerged: several sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are reassessing, and in some cases, reducing their investment exposure to Israel. This shift isn’t a complete exodus, but a strategic recalibration driven by a confluence of geopolitical risks, evolving investment strategies, and increasing scrutiny of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) factors. The term “sovereign” itself, meaning supreme power or authority, highlights the political weight these funds carry, making their investment decisions especially sensitive.

Key Drivers Behind the Shift

Several factors are contributing to this pullback in foreign investment into Israel:

Geopolitical Instability: The ongoing conflict in Gaza and broader regional tensions have significantly increased the perceived risk of investing in Israeli assets.This includes concerns about potential escalation, disruptions to economic activity, and the impact on long-term stability.

ESG Concerns: Growing pressure from stakeholders – including pension funds and individual investors – to prioritize ESG principles is influencing SWF decisions. The conflict has raised ethical questions about investments linked to the region, prompting some funds to divest or reduce exposure.

Political Pressure: Some SWFs, particularly those in countries wiht strong ties to Palestine or critical of israeli policies, are facing internal and external pressure to limit or halt investments in Israel.

Diversification Strategies: Many SWFs are actively diversifying their portfolios to reduce concentration risk and explore opportunities in emerging markets. This natural portfolio rebalancing can led to a reduction in allocations to specific regions, including Israel.

Regulatory Scrutiny: Increased regulatory oversight of SWF investments, particularly concerning national security and ethical considerations, is also playing a role.

norway’s Government Pension Fund global: One of the largest SWFs globally, has been under pressure to divest from companies with links to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. While a full divestment hasn’t occurred, scrutiny remains high.

Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA): Given the UAE’s evolving relationship with Israel and regional dynamics, ADIA is reportedly proceeding with caution regarding new investments.

Qatar Investment Authority (QIA): Similar to ADIA, QIA’s investment strategy is being influenced by geopolitical considerations and a focus on diversifying its portfolio.

Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA): KIA has historically maintained a relatively low profile in Israeli investments, and this trend is expected to continue.

Reduced Capital Inflow: Less investment from SWFs translates to a decrease in capital available for economic growth and growth.

Increased Borrowing Costs: Reduced foreign investment can put upward pressure on interest rates, making it more expensive for Israeli companies to borrow money.

Sector-Specific Impacts:

Technology: Israel’s thriving tech sector, a major recipient of foreign investment, could see a slowdown in funding rounds. Venture capital and private equity investments may be affected.

Real Estate: SWFs have been active investors in Israeli real estate. A pullback could lead to a cooling of the market.

Infrastructure: Large-scale infrastructure projects reliant on foreign funding may face delays or cancellations.

Currency Fluctuations: Reduced demand for the Israeli Shekel could lead to depreciation.

Investment Alternatives & Future Outlook

SWFs are actively exploring alternative investment opportunities, including:

Renewable Energy: Investments in enduring energy projects globally are gaining traction.

Emerging Markets: Focus on high-growth economies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Infrastructure in Developed Markets: Investing in infrastructure projects in stable, developed economies.

Private Credit: Direct lending to companies, bypassing traditional capital markets.

Looking ahead, the future of SWF investment in Israel remains uncertain. A important de-escalation of the conflict and a demonstrable commitment to a peaceful resolution would likely encourage renewed investment. However, the growing emphasis on ESG factors and geopolitical risks suggests that the trend of scaling back investments may persist in the short to medium term. Asset allocation strategies will continue to be closely monitored.

Case study: Norway’s Government Pension Fund global

Norway’s GPFG provides a compelling case study. Facing consistent pressure from ethical investment groups, the fund commissioned an independent assessment of companies operating in the West Bank. While a full divestment hasn’t materialized due to complexities in defining “occupation” and identifying complicit companies, the fund has placed several Israeli companies under enhanced scrutiny and excluded some from its portfolio. This demonstrates the power of ESG considerations in influencing SWF decisions.

Practical Tips for Israeli Businesses Seeking Investment

Despite the challenges, Israeli businesses can take steps to attract foreign investment:

Strengthen ESG Credentials: Demonstrate a commitment to environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and good governance.

Diversify Funding Sources: Don’