U.S. Immigration Crackdown Leads to Deportation of Venezuelans to El Salvador

Caracas, Venezuela – In March, President Trump invoked the 1798 Alien Enemies Act to declare Venezuela’s Tren de Aragua gang a foreign terrorist group.

Shortly after, the U.S. sent more than 250 Venezuelans who it said were a part of the gang to El Salvador, where they were jailed for months in one of the country’s most notorious prisonsthe Terrorism Confinement Center, also known as CECOT.

Many of the men insist that they have no ties to the gang and were denied due process.

After enduring months in detention, the men were sent home in July as part of a prisoner exchange deal that included Venezuela’s release of several detained Americans.

Venezuela’s attorney general said interviews with the men revealed “systemic torture” in the Salvadoran prison, including daily beatings, rancid food and sexual abuse. The men have been adjusting to life back in Venezuela, which most fled because of their home country’s political and economic instability.

The Times photographed four of the Venezuelans — Arturo Suárez, Angelo Escalona, Frizgeralth Cornejo and Ángelo Bolívar — as they got reacquainted with their families and life outside prison.

Arturo Suárez records a song at a studio in Caracas’ Catia neighborhood. He composed the song in prison in El Salvador.

Arturo Suárez, 34

Suárez, a musician, was detained in North Carolina while gathered with friends to record a music video. Ten people were arrested that day. Inside the Salvadoran prison, he said, music was forbidden and guards beat him repeatedly for singing. But he refused to stay silent. From his cell, he wrote a song that spread from cell to cell, becoming an anthem of hope for the Venezuelans imprisoned with him.

“From Cell 31, God spoke to me,” the lyrics go in part. “He said, son, be patient, your blessing is coming soon…. Let nothing kill your faith, let nothing make you doubt because it won’t be long before you return home.”

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1. Suárez holds a heart he fashioned in prison out of tortillas and toothpaste, with letters made from threads of the white shorts he wore. 2. This tattoo of a bird enabled his family to identify Suárez in videos released by the Salvadoran government.

Suárez checks his phone beneath a poster welcoming him home in Caracas.

I thought I wasn’t going to make it out of there. I thought I was going to die there.

Posters depicting Suárez and other Venezuelan migrants deported to El Salvador are seen in Caracas’ El Valle neighborhood.

Angelo Escalona, 18

Escalona had turned 18 just three months before Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents detained him in the same raid that swept up his friend Suárez, the musician. His dream was to become a DJ, and Escalona had saved up to buy equipment that he showed Suárez just before they were arrested. He had no tattoos, no criminal record and was just at the wrong place at the wrong time, he said.

When the deportation flight landed in El Salvador, he and the other Venezuelans tried to resist being taken off the plane. “We all fastened our seat belts because we’re Venezuelans — we weren’t supposed to be there” in El Salvador, he said. “But the Salvadoran police boarded the plane and started beating the people in the front.”

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1. Angelo Escalona said that the other Venezuelan prisoners called him “El Menor,” or the minor, because at 18 he was the youngest of the deportees.
2. A poster family members held during protests demanding his release says, “Your family has not abandoned you.”
3. Escalona’s aunt displays a poster with a letter his mother wrote to him upon his release. “Son, I love you,” it says in red.

When we arrived [at the prison]they told us, ‘Welcome to the real hell — no one leaves here unless they’re dead.’

A view of Caracas’ Antímano neighborhood, where Frizgeralth Cornejo lived with his family before traveling north to the United States.

Frizgeralth Cornejo, 26

In mid-2024, Frizgeralth Cornejo made the long trek through the Darién Gap, the dangerous jungle separating Central and South America and made his way north with three friends. Hoping to obtain asylum in the United States, he had applied for an appointment with immigration officials through Customs and Border Protection’s CBP One app.

But when Cornejo, 26, presented himself at the border, officials accused him of gang affiliation because of his tattoos. Everyone else in his group was allowed through, but not him.

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1. Cornejo has lunch with his mother, Austria, and his brother, Carlos, in Caracas’ Antímano neighborhood. 2. Cornejo walks with his brother, Carlos, in the neighborhood of Sabana Grande in Caracas.

Cornejo kisses his mother, Austria.

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1. Cornejo shows the neck tattoo that allowed his family to identify him in videos released by the Salvadoran government. 2. U.S. authorities claimed this tattoo linked him to the Tren de Aragua gang.

I never imagined being imprisoned just for getting tattoos.

A view of the neighborhood where the family of Ángelo Bolívar lives in Valencia.

Ángelo Bolívar, 26

Bolívar was living in Texas when he was arrested by ICE agents and sent to El Salvador’s CECOT prison. His many tattoos are part of a family legacy, one he shares with his mother, Silvia Cruz. His late father was a tattoo artist. His tattoos led to his imprisonment, he said, because authorities saw them as proof of membership in the Tren de Aragua gang. He is now back in the city of Valencia, about 80 miles east of Caracas.

They said I was a gang member because of my tattoos — because I had a watch and a rosary. Even though the ICE agents had tattoos of roses and watches too.

Bolívar and His Mother, Silvia Cruz, in Valencia.

What are the legal justifications used by the U.S. government to deport Venezuelan nationals to El Salvador despite it not being their country of origin?

The Shift in U.S. Deportation Policy

Recent months have witnessed a important change in U.S. immigration enforcement, specifically impacting Venezuelan nationals. While historically, deportations often sent individuals back to their country of origin, a growing number of Venezuelans are now being deported to El Salvador. This shift stems from the U.S. government’s difficulty in securing deportation agreements with venezuela due to the ongoing political and economic crisis there. El Salvador, despite not being the Venezuelan migrants’ home country, has become a reluctant receiving nation under existing agreements related to regional migration management. This practice raises complex legal and humanitarian concerns.

Why El Salvador? Understanding the Agreements

The increase in Venezuelan deportations to El Salvador is rooted in pre-existing agreements between the U.S. and El Salvador concerning the repatriation of migrants. These agreements, often focused on combating transnational crime and managing irregular migration flows, allow the U.S. to deport individuals to el Salvador even if they aren’t Salvadoran citizens.

Safe Third Country Agreements: While not a formal “Safe Third Country” agreement with El Salvador (as those exist with Canada), the practical effect is similar.The U.S. argues El Salvador offers a level of protection, allowing for deportation despite the individual not originating from that nation.

Bilateral Agreements: Existing bilateral agreements concerning immigration enforcement and border security provide the legal framework for these deportations.

Lack of Venezuelan Agreements: The primary driver is the inability to directly deport Venezuelans back to Venezuela due to the lack of diplomatic relations and the unstable conditions within the country.

the Humanitarian Impact on venezuelan Migrants

The deportation of Venezuelans to El Salvador presents significant challenges for those affected.Many have fled Venezuela due to political persecution, economic hardship, and widespread violence. Being deported to a third country, where they lack family ties, language skills, and established support networks, exacerbates their vulnerability.

Increased Vulnerability: venezuelan migrants in El Salvador face increased risks of exploitation, violence, and human trafficking.

Limited Access to Resources: Access to legal assistance, healthcare, and social services is frequently enough limited for deported migrants.

Psychological Trauma: The experience of forced displacement and deportation can lead to significant psychological trauma.

Economic Hardship: Finding employment and establishing a livelihood in a foreign country without existing connections is incredibly difficult.

Case Study: The Ramirez Family

The Ramirez family, originally from Caracas, Venezuela, exemplifies the challenges faced by deported Venezuelans. After fleeing political unrest in 2022, they sought asylum in the U.S. Their claim was denied,and in July 2025,they were deported to El Salvador. Without any family or resources in El Salvador, they are currently relying on the assistance of local NGOs for shelter and legal support. Their story highlights the disruption and hardship caused by this evolving deportation policy. (Source: Interviews with representatives from the Cristosal human rights institution, August 2025).

Legal Challenges and Advocacy Efforts

Several legal challenges have been raised against the practice of deporting Venezuelans to El Salvador. Advocacy groups argue that these deportations violate international law, specifically the principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits returning individuals to countries where they face persecution or serious harm.

Lawsuits filed: Organizations like the ACLU and Human Rights First have filed lawsuits challenging the legality of the deportations.

Asylum Claims: Attorneys are working to reopen asylum claims for Venezuelans deported to El Salvador, arguing that the change in deportation policy constitutes a material change in circumstances.

International Pressure: Human rights organizations are calling on the U.S. government to halt the deportations and seek alternative solutions for Venezuelan migrants.

Due Process Concerns: Critics argue that the deportation process lacks adequate due process protections for Venezuelan nationals.

Understanding Non-Refoulement

The principle of non-refoulement is a cornerstone of international refugee law. It prevents states from returning individuals to countries where they would face torture, persecution, or other serious threats to their life or freedom. Advocates argue that deporting Venezuelans to El Salvador, where they may not have adequate protection, violates this principle.

The Role of El Salvador and Regional Implications

El Salvador is grappling with the influx of deported Venezuelans,straining its already limited resources. The country is facing its own internal challenges, including gang violence, economic instability, and a fragile political landscape.

Strain on Resources: The increased number of deported migrants is putting a strain on El Salvador’s social services, healthcare system, and housing infrastructure.

Security Concerns: Some officials express concerns that the influx of migrants could exacerbate existing security challenges.

Regional Migration Patterns: This situation is influencing regional migration patterns, as migrants seek alternative routes and destinations.

Diplomatic Tensions: The deportations have created diplomatic tensions between the U.S. and El Salvador, with the Salvadoran government expressing concerns about its capacity to handle the influx of migrants.

Resources for Venezuelan migrants and Advocates

Immigration Legal Resource Center (ILRC): [https://wwwilrc[https://wwwilrc