Understanding Homelessness: Insights and Solutions for Addressing Five Key Facts about People Experiencing Housing Instability

September 8, 2025

Washington D.C. – A growing crisis is unfolding across the United States as the number of people experiencing homelessness continues to climb. Recent federal actions, including an Executive Order targeting public spaces and a controversial federal takeover of Washington D.C.’s police force, signal a shift in approach, while new data paints a stark picture of escalating need.

Sharp Increase in Homelessness Nationwide

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) reported over 770,000 individuals experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2024 – the highest number ever recorded. This represents nearly a 40% increase as 2018, driven largely by rising housing costs and the expiration of pandemic-era safety nets. The number of people living in emergency shelters and unsheltered locations has surged, while transitional housing options have declined.

Did You Know? The end of the COVID-19 public health emergency in May 2023 significantly impacted homelessness rates due to the loss of eviction moratoriums and reduced access to financial assistance programs.

Vulnerable Populations Face Disproportionate Risk

The crisis disproportionately impacts specific demographics. While adults constitute the majority (81%) of those experiencing homelessness, the number of children facing housing insecurity has grown at double the rate of adults. Additionally, people of color represent a important majority – approximately 68% – of the homeless population, reflecting systemic inequalities. The percentage of older adults (55+) experiencing homelessness has also risen by 6% from 2023 to 2024.

Homelessness by demographic (2024)

Group	Percentage of Homeless Population
Adults	81%
Children	19%
White	32%
Hispanic	31%
Black	30%

Regional Disparities and Unsheltered Populations

Homelessness rates vary significantly by region. States in the Northeast and west generally have higher rates per capita, while the South and west have a greater proportion of unsheltered individuals. In California,66% of the homeless population lives unsheltered,compared to just 4% in New York and 5% in Vermont.This disparity is often linked to climate, housing affordability, shelter capacity, and local regulations.

Co-occurring Health Challenges

Homelessness is inextricably linked to health issues.Adults experiencing homelessness are far more likely to suffer from serious mental illness (SMI), substance use disorders (SUD), and HIV/AIDS compared to the general population. Approximately 22% of homeless adults have an SMI, 18% have a SUD, and 2% have HIV/AIDS. These rates are even higher among those living unsheltered.

pro Tip: Addressing the root causes of homelessness, such as affordable housing shortages and access to mental health and substance abuse treatment, is crucial to finding lasting solutions.

Federal Response and Controversies

president Trump recently signed an Executive Order aimed at addressing homelessness, mental health, and substance use.The order focuses on encouraging states to ban public drug use,remove individuals from public spaces,and broaden civil commitment laws.Simultaneously, the administration invoked the Home rule Act to assume control of the D.C. police force and deploy the National Guard to clear homeless encampments, sparking considerable controversy.

what do you think? do you believe these recent federal actions are the most effective way to address the challenges of homelessness, or are they punitive measures that will exacerbate the problem?

Understanding Chronic Homelessness

Chronic homelessness, defined as long-term or repeated homelessness among individuals with disabilities, is a particularly challenging aspect of this crisis.The number of people experiencing chronic homelessness has increased by 73% between 2018 and 2024, indicating a growing need for specialized support services. Programs that focus on “housing frist” – providing immediate housing without preconditions – have shown promising results in reducing chronic homelessness.

Looking Ahead: Experts anticipate that addressing the affordable housing shortage, expanding access to mental health and substance abuse treatment, and providing comprehensive support services will be essential to mitigating the homelessness crisis in the years to come. Furthermore, addressing systemic inequalities that disproportionately affect communities of color is vital for achieving long-term solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions About Homelessness

• What is the primary driver of the increase in homelessness? Rising housing costs and the end of pandemic-era assistance programs are major factors.
• What is “unsheltered homelessness”? This refers to individuals living in places not intended for human habitation, like parks, streets, or abandoned buildings.
• Who is most vulnerable to experiencing homelessness? People of color, individuals with mental health or substance use disorders, and families with children are disproportionately affected.
• What is chronic homelessness? It’s long-term or repeated homelessness among people with a disability.
• How can I help address homelessness in my community? Donate to local shelters, advocate for affordable housing policies, and volunteer your time.
• Are veterans at risk of homelessness? While rates among veterans have decreased thanks to targeted programs, they still represent a percentage of the homeless population.
• What is the Point-in-Time count? It’s a yearly count of sheltered and unsheltered homeless individuals conducted in January.

What steps do you believe local communities should take to better support individuals experiencing homelessness?

What are some systemic issues that contribute to homelessness, beyond individual circumstances?

Fact 1: Homelessness is Multifaceted – It’s Not Just About Lack of Housing

Many assume homelessness stems solely from a lack of affordable housing.while a critical factor, it’s rarely the only cause. A complex interplay of issues contributes to housing instability, including:

Mental Health challenges: Approximately 20-25% of the homeless population experiences severe mental illness. Access to mental healthcare is often a notable barrier.

Substance Use Disorders: Co-occurring with mental health issues, substance use can both contribute to and be a consequence of homelessness. Addiction treatment is vital.

Trauma: Experiences like domestic violence, childhood abuse, and military service can lead to PTSD and increase vulnerability to chronic homelessness. Trauma-informed care is essential.

Poverty & Economic Hardship: Job loss, medical debt, and stagnant wages push individuals and families towards housing insecurity. Financial assistance programs can provide a safety net.

Systemic Issues: Discrimination based on race,ethnicity,sexual orientation,and gender identity can limit access to resources and increase the risk of becoming homeless.

Understanding these interconnected factors is crucial for effective homelessness prevention and intervention. Housing first initiatives recognize this complexity.

Fact 2: Homelessness Affects Diverse Populations

The stereotype of a chronically homeless individual is inaccurate. Homeless populations are incredibly diverse.

Families with Children: A significant portion of the homeless population consists of families, often fleeing domestic violence or facing economic hardship. Family shelters and rapid re-housing programs are critical.

Veterans: Despite efforts to reduce veteran homelessness, a disproportionate number of veterans experience housing instability, often linked to PTSD and service-related injuries. The Department of Veteran Affairs offers specific housing assistance for veterans.

Youth & Young adults: Youth homelessness, including runaway youth and those aging out of foster care, is a growing concern. Transitional housing and supportive services are vital.

individuals with Disabilities: Physical and developmental disabilities can create barriers to employment and housing, increasing vulnerability to long-term homelessness. Accessible housing is a necessity.

Seniors: Fixed incomes and rising healthcare costs can lead to senior homelessness, particularly among those with limited savings. Senior housing options and elderly care services are crucial.

Fact 3: “Chronic Homelessness” is a Distinct Challenge

Chronic homelessness refers to individuals with long-term or repeated experiences of homelessness combined with a disabling condition (like mental illness, substance use disorder, or physical disability). This group represents a smaller percentage of the overall homeless population but consumes a disproportionate share of emergency services.

High Costs: Emergency room visits, jail stays, and interactions with law enforcement are substantially more expensive than providing permanent supportive housing.

Complex Needs: Individuals experiencing chronic homelessness often require intensive case management, healthcare, and behavioral health services.

Housing First Approach: The Housing First model, which prioritizes providing immediate housing without preconditions (like sobriety), has proven highly effective in reducing chronic homelessness. This approach focuses on stability before addressing other challenges.

Fact 4: Prevention is More Effective (and Cost-Effective) Than Response

While responding to homelessness is essential, preventing it in the first place is far more effective and economical. Homelessness prevention strategies include:

Rental Assistance Programs: Short-term financial assistance can help families and individuals avoid eviction. Emergency rental assistance is often a lifeline.

* Eviction Prevention services: Legal aid and mediation