United Kingdom and Indo-Pacific Four: Building a New Strategic Quintet for Global Influence and Security

I know what you’re thinking, fellow researchers and diplomats. “Please, not another minilateral.” I feel your pain, believe me. But hear me out on this one. This is no MIKTA.

As the United States moves in a more unilateral and transactional direction, the United Kingdom and NATO’s four Indo-Pacific partners – Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea – should establish a new Quintet meeting, where they can discuss and coordinate positions on a wide range of cross-cutting, shared interests from trade to defence and alliance management to China.

There is an increasing confluence of interests between these five democracies, and US allies, that would be well served by the creation of a forum for their senior officials and/or elected leaders to meet on an annual basis.

NATO, the transatlantic defence alliance, first invited the leaders of the so-called Indo-Pacific Four to its annual summit in 2022, and it has been intensifying cooperation with the IP4 since, reflecting a fusion of defence concerns and priorities across Europe and the Indo-Pacific.

At the same time, post-Brexit Britain has been boosting its connections in the Indo-Pacific, joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, a regional trade agreement, becoming a Dialogue Partner of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, forming one leg of AUKUS, and deepening its bilateral partnerships with Australia, Japan and South Korea.

Cooperation is moving from a nice-to-have to a must-have.

All five nations believe in maintaining a rules-based multilateral system, which is under threat from both Washington and Beijing. All five are staunch US allies that know they will have to do and pay more for their own security in the coming years, whether a Democrat or Republican is in the White House. All five want to expand their partnerships with emerging powers in Southeast and South Asia. All five want to find ways to promote democratic and accountable governance, without believing they can enforce their views on others. But all five are resource constrained, in terms of finances and diplomatic and military personnel.

In this environment, cooperation is moving from a nice-to-have to a must-have. Given limited money, time and political capital, any new initiative needs to add value. A Quintet meeting would definitely do so, given the overlapping concerns and interests of these countries and their need to find more truly like-minded partners.

The meeting should take place outside NATO, because the main justification is to build a dialogue that encompasses defence and security as well as economics, technology and the global order, acknowledging how these issues are increasingly interlinked. One possible option would be to meet on the sidelines of the ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, which is attended by the United Kingdom and the IP4 as Dialogue Partners.

Why, you might rightly ask, the United Kingdom and not other European nations? Partly, because this recommendation comes out of a policy paper I recently published for Chatham House arguing that the United Kingdom needs to make the Indo-Pacific a higher priority.

But, more seriously, there is a strong case for the IP4 to start this dialogue with the United Kingdom because it is an independent trading nation, like them, rather than a member of a large trading bloc, like France and Germany, as well as a significant diplomatic, military and intelligence power in its own right.

Some of these five countries already sit together in a range of other overlapping initiatives and organisations. All but New Zealand are in the G20. All but South Korea are in the CPTPP, and Seoul is considering joining. The United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand are in the Five Eyes intelligence partnership.

Why, you might also ask, exclude the United States? Simply because these countries already have ample opportunities to engage Washington and there is a shared national interest in expanding cooperation between key US allies, without the United States in the room.

All successful diplomatic initiatives require a mix of top-down political will and bottom-up policy implementation. The Quintet should start with a ministerial meeting, build a truly strategic conversation, and then scope specific areas for meaningful cooperation. Officials should consider coordinating development assistance, finding practical ways to support a predictable and rules-based trading system, and better aligning approaches to maritime security in Asia.

The Quintet will not solve problems alone. But it could be a catalyst to intensify the cooperation between these five nations, capitalising on their extensive shared interests and worries.

How might the inclusion of the UK into the Quad (forming a Quintet) alter the dynamics of China’s strategic calculations in the Indo-Pacific region?

The Shifting Geopolitical Landscape & Indo-Pacific Security

The indo-Pacific region is rapidly becoming the focal point of 21st-century geopolitics.rising Chinese influence, coupled with increasing concerns over regional stability, has prompted a re-evaluation of strategic alliances. The existing Quad – comprising the United States, India, japan, and Australia – has been instrumental in countering China’s assertive behavior and promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific. Now, the potential inclusion of the united Kingdom is gaining momentum, forming a prospective “Quintet” with critically important implications for global security and influence. This new configuration represents a powerful coalition capable of addressing a wide range of challenges, from maritime security to economic coercion and technological competition.

Understanding the Indo-Pacific four (The Quad)

Before delving into the UK’s role, it’s crucial to understand the foundations of the Quad. Established in 2007, the Quad experienced a revival in recent years driven by shared concerns about China’s growing power.

United States: Provides the overarching strategic framework and military capabilities. Key focus areas include freedom of navigation and regional deterrence.

India: Offers a crucial geographic position,a large and growing economy,and a significant military force. India’s role is vital in balancing China’s influence in the Indian Ocean region.

Japan: Contributes advanced technology, financial resources, and a strong commitment to regional stability. Japan’s Self-Defense Forces are increasingly active in joint exercises.

Australia: Provides critical access to the Southern Ocean and a robust intelligence network. Australia’s commitment to maritime security is paramount.

The Quad’s collaborative efforts encompass:

1. Joint military exercises (malabar)
2. Cooperation on maritime domain awareness
3. Infrastructure development initiatives (countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative)
4. Supply chain resilience and critical technology cooperation.

The UK’s Strategic Pivot to the Indo-Pacific

Historically focused on Europe, the United Kingdom has increasingly recognized the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific. Several factors underpin this shift:

Brexit: Freed from the constraints of the European Union, the UK has greater flexibility to pursue independent foreign policy objectives.

Economic Interests: The Indo-Pacific represents a significant and growing market for British goods and services.

security Concerns: The UK shares concerns with the Quad members regarding China’s assertive behavior and the need to uphold international law.

“global Britain” Agenda: The UK government’s ambition to position itself as a leading global player necessitates a strong presence in the Indo-Pacific.

The UK’s recent actions demonstrate its commitment:

Carrier Strike Group Deployment (2021): The HMS Queen Elizabeth carrier strike group’s deployment to the Indo-Pacific signaled a clear message of intent.

enhanced Security Partnerships: Strengthening ties with key regional players like India, japan, and Australia.

Application for CPTPP Membership: Joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) to boost trade and economic cooperation.

Increased Diplomatic Engagement: Active participation in regional forums and dialogues.

The Strategic Quintet: Synergies and capabilities

The inclusion of the UK into the quad framework – creating a Quintet – would considerably enhance the coalition’s capabilities and influence.

Military Interoperability: the UK’s armed forces are highly advanced and interoperable with those of the US, Australia, and Japan.

Intelligence Sharing: The UK possesses a world-class intelligence network, providing valuable insights into regional dynamics.

Diplomatic Weight: The UK’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council adds significant diplomatic weight to the Quintet.

financial and Technological Contributions: The UK’s financial center (London) and its technological expertise can contribute to regional economic development and innovation.

* Naval Presence: The Royal navy’s global reach and capabilities complement the naval assets of the other quintet members.

Areas of Cooperation within the Quint