2023-09-18 23:33:10
Introduction
The GRO J1655-40 microquasar, artist’s impression (ESA/NASA)
A binary short period. The radiation (Radiation, synonymous with radiation in physics, designates the process of emission or…) …) of energy (In the common sense energy designates anything that allows us to carry out work, produce…) released by accretion (Accretion designates in astrophysics, geology and meteorology the increase by…) of matter (Matter is the substance which makes up any body having a tangible reality. Its…) of the star (A star is a celestial object emitting light autonomously , similar to a…) around (Around is the name that the avian nomenclature in French (updated) gives…) of the object (Generally speaking, the word object (from the Latin objectum, 1361) denotes an entity defined in…) compact.
Training scenario
A simplified scenario of the formation of a massive binary X is as follows (Tauris & van den Heuvel 2003): two massive stars (> 12 solar masses) arrive on the main sequence; About ten million years later, the most massive one passed through the red supergiant stage first. which are in the process of completing their…) and its envelope fills the Roche lobe (The rock, from the popular Latin rocca, designates any material constituting the bark…), beginning the mass transfer (In the jargon automobile, the transfer of mass (often confused with the transfer of charge) occurs…) towards the companion (The Companion (original title: Alvin Journeyman) is a fantasy novel published in 1995…). Later, n having retained only its helium envelope (Helium is a noble gas or rare gas, practically inert. With atomic number 2, it…), the star explodes in a supernova (A supernova is the set of phenomena consequent to the explosion of a…), the core collapses, transforming it into a neutron star. The companion in turn becomes a red supergiant (The color red responds to different definitions, depending on the chromatic system we use …) then transfers its mass (The term mass is used to designate two quantities attached to a…) to the neutron star, and we observe a binary
Designation
As with other stars, X binaries can have different designations:
the former were noted as Constellation X-number (e.g. Cyg X-1); otherwise it is the name in one of the catalogs in which they are listed. For Uhuru: nU HHmm+DDd (e.g. 4U 0114+65); for ROSAT: RX JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS or RX JHHMM.m+DDMM or RX JHHMMSS+DDMMm, etc. ; naturally, the sources associated with optical counterparts inherit all the already known designations (4U 0114+65 = V* V662 Cas = HIP 6081 = 1XRS 01147+650 = …).
Historical
X binaries have a very recent history, compared to that of other double stars, and this history follows that of astronomy (Astronomy is the science of observing stars, seeking to explain…) : the atmosphere (The word atmosphere can have several meanings:) absorbing X-rays – an opportunity for living organisms -, X-ray astronomy could only take off in practice with the entry into the space age.
The story begins precisely with a rocket (Rocket may refer to:) Aerobee 150 launched by the USAF from White Sands on June 19, 1962 at 06:59 GMT with a useful flight time of six minutes (Early form of a document: Right: one minute is the original of an act. …) up to an apogee (from the Greek apogeios: far from the earth; apo: far + gê:…) of 224 km. using Geiger counters installed in the nose of the rocket, the team of Riccardo Giacconi (Riccardo Giacconi (6 October 1931 in Genoa, Italy) is a physicist…) would discover the brightest X-ray source in the sky (The sky is the Earth’s atmosphere as seen from the planet’s ground.) after the Sun (The Sun (Sol in Latin, Helios or Ήλιος in Greek) is the star…), Scorpius X-1 (Giacconi et al. 1962). To make it the first known a little more time (Time is a concept developed by human beings to understand…). Firstly because the imprecise location (Scorpius light, radiation…), then because it was necessary to highlight the orbital movement. In 1966, Zeldovich & Guseynov noted that “the movement of gas in the gravitational field from a collapsed star could produce X-rays. But, in the binary hypothesis surprising, and was only explained by the effect of a prior mass transfer in the early 1970s. It is now estimated that Scorpius the solar mass is the unit of mass conventionally used for…) for the star), orbiting a neutron star (1.4 solar masses) with a period of 18.9 hours (The hour is a unit measurement 🙂 (Steegs & Casares 2002).
The following Aerobee rocket flights would gradually increase the number of known X-ray sources, in particular Cygnus X-1 (In astronomy, Cygnus X-1 is a high-mass X-ray binary and was the first black hole candidate. ..) (Bowyer et al. 1965), a binary X 2.5 kpc apart. It is now known to consist of the supergiant O9.7 Iab HDE 226868 of approximately 20 solar masses orbiting a compact object with a period of 5.6 days (The day or day is the interval between sunrise and sunset Sun; it’s the…), undoubtedly a black hole since its mass seems to be around 10 solar masses (Herrero et al. 1995).
Knowledge would still be able to progress with the advent of the era of X-ray satellites, offering a longer duration of observation, a wider spectral coverage, different instruments and better angular resolution. Herculis X-1 is an X-ray binary, detected with the first satellite (Satellite may refer to:) dedicated to .24 s orbiting a stellar companion (Stellaria is a genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants, starworts,…) with a period of 1.7 days. The presence of eclipses then proved beyond doubt the binary nature of this object.
Several other satellites were then launched (e.g. ROSAT, XMM-Newton (XMM-Newton is an artificial satellite for observing X-rays.), Chandra): we now know about 175 information technologies (IT), data is an elementary description, often…) complementary are acquired on the ground. Binaries ..) at high energies, they reveal the behavior in extreme physical conditions (degenerate matter, very strong magnetic fields, relativistic behavior) of tight stellar couples.
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