Human Rights Watch Urges Syrian Forces and Kurdish SDF to Protect Civilians Amid Renewed Conflict in Northeast Syria

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Allegations of Abuse Rise Amidst Shifting Control in syria

Recent clashes in Aleppo and the transfer of control over detention facilities and camps holding individuals linked to ISIS have sparked grave concerns over human rights abuses and the potential for further instability in Syria. Reports of extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and deteriorating conditions within camps are surfacing as control shifts between the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Syrian goverment authorities, and as the United States repositions its forces. The situation highlights the complex and fragile post-ISIS landscape in the region.

Clashes in Aleppo and Disappearances

Fighting between the SDF and transitional authorities in Aleppo, specifically in the Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh neighborhoods, has led to reports of numerous individuals losing contact with their families. The whereabouts of these people remain unknown, raising fears of arbitrary detention. Human Rights Watch has documented the urgent need for accountability,emphasizing that international law mandates humane treatment of detainees and their prompt release onc active hostilities cease.It is essential that all parties involved allow families to reconnect and account for those missing.

Evidence of Extrajudicial Killings and Desecration

human Rights Watch has reviewed video evidence suggesting extrajudicial killings and the desecration of corpses. One video, posted on January 18, appears to show bodies of men in civilian clothing within al-Tabqa prison in Raqqa governorate. syrian authorities accuse the SDF of killing detainees before withdrawing, allegations the SDF denies, claiming they had already transferred prisoners. A second video, posted on January 10, allegedly depicts fighters throwing a female combatant from a building, accompanied by celebratory shouts. These acts, if confirmed, would constitute serious violations of the laws of war, which protect individuals even during armed conflict.

deteriorating Conditions in ISIS-Affiliated Camps

Northeast Syria has been a focal point for the detention of individuals associated with ISIS. As of January 19, over 28,000 people, largely relatives of

What actions is Human Rights Watch urging Syrian forces and the SDF to take to protect civilians?

Human Rights watch Urges Syrian Forces and Kurdish SDF to Protect civilians Amid Renewed Conflict in Northeast Syria

Recent escalations in violence across Northeast Syria have prompted urgent calls from Human Rights Watch (HRW) for both Syrian government forces and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to prioritize civilian protection. The renewed conflict, marked by increased shelling and ground clashes, threatens the safety of hundreds of thousands of civilians already displaced and vulnerable after years of war. this article details the current situation, the specific concerns raised by HRW, and the obligations of all parties involved under international humanitarian law.

Current Situation in Northeast Syria: A Deepening Crisis

The fragile stability in Northeast Syria, maintained since the defeat of ISIS in 2019, is rapidly deteriorating. Clashes between syrian government forces – backed by Russian air support – and the SDF have intensified in areas like Hasakah and Qamishli. These confrontations stem from a complex interplay of factors, including Syrian government attempts to regain control of territory held by the SDF, disputes over resource management, and the broader geopolitical landscape of the Syrian civil war.

The impact on civilians is severe. Reports indicate:

* Increased Displacement: Thousands of families have been forced to flee their homes, seeking refuge in already overcrowded displacement camps or with relatives.

* Damage to Civilian Infrastructure: Schools, hospitals, and water facilities have sustained damage from shelling and airstrikes, disrupting essential services.

* Rising Casualties: While precise figures are difficult to verify, local sources report a growing number of civilian casualties as a direct result of the fighting.

* Hindered Humanitarian Access: Ongoing hostilities are restricting the ability of humanitarian organizations to deliver aid to those in need.

Human Rights Watch’s Key Concerns & Demands

HRW’s recent statement outlines several critical concerns and demands directed at both the Syrian government and the SDF. The association emphasizes the paramount importance of adhering to the principles of international humanitarian law, specifically:

* Distinction: Parties to the conflict must clearly distinguish between military objectives and civilian objects, and direct attacks only at legitimate military targets. Indiscriminate attacks are strictly prohibited.

* Proportionality: Even when targeting legitimate military objectives, the anticipated civilian harm must not be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.

* Precaution: All feasible precautions must be taken to avoid or minimize civilian harm. This includes providing effective warnings before attacks and taking steps to verify that targets are indeed military objectives.

Specifically, HRW is calling on:

1. Syrian Government Forces & Russian Military: To cease indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas and allow unimpeded humanitarian access.HRW has documented previous instances of Syrian and russian forces allegedly using cluster munitions and other indiscriminate weapons in populated areas.
2. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF): To avoid deploying forces or locating military objects within densely populated areas and to take all possible measures to protect civilians under their control. The SDF have been accused of past violations, including using civilian infrastructure for military purposes.
3. All Parties: To investigate alleged violations of international humanitarian law and hold those responsible accountable. Impunity for war crimes perpetuates the cycle of violence.

The Legal Framework: International Humanitarian Law & Civilian Protection

The conflict in Northeast Syria is governed by the body of international humanitarian law, also known as the laws of war. Key treaties and principles include:

* The Geneva Conventions: These treaties establish essential rules for the humane treatment of persons in armed conflict, including civilians.

* Customary International Law: Principles and practices that have become accepted as legally binding even if not codified in treaties.

* The Principle of Civilian Immunity: Civilians and civilian objects are not legitimate targets of attack.

Violations of international humanitarian law can constitute war crimes, and individuals responsible for such crimes may be prosecuted by international courts or national courts exercising universal jurisdiction.

Case Study: The Raqqa Reconstruction Crisis & Civilian Harm

The situation in Northeast Syria echoes the challenges faced in Raqqa following its liberation from ISIS in 2017. The intense aerial bombardment and ground fighting during the battle for Raqqa resulted in widespread destruction and meaningful civilian casualties. HRW and other organizations documented extensive damage to civilian infrastructure and allegations of unlawful attacks by both the US-led coalition and SDF forces. The slow pace of reconstruction and the presence of unexploded ordnance continue to pose a threat to returning residents, highlighting the long-term consequences of failing to adequately protect civilians during conflict. This serves as a stark warning for the current situation in Hasakah and Qamishli.

Practical Considerations for Humanitarian Organizations

Humanitarian organizations operating in Northeast Syria face immense challenges. Here are some key considerations:

* Risk Assessment: Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify areas where civilians are at greatest risk.

* Negotiation & Access: Engage in dialog with all parties to the conflict to secure safe and unimpeded access to affected populations.

* Neutrality & Impartiality: Maintain strict neutrality and impartiality in the delivery of aid.

* Monitoring & Reporting: Continuously monitor the situation and report violations of international humanitarian law to relevant authorities.

* Community Engagement: Work closely with local communities to understand their needs and ensure that aid is delivered effectively.

The Role of International Actors & Diplomatic efforts

The international community has a crucial role to play in de-escalating the conflict and protecting civilians