A growing number of individuals are identifying with a personality trait characterized by heightened sensitivity to stimuli, both internal and external, prompting increased research into the neurological and psychological underpinnings of what is known as Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS). While not a disorder, SPS describes a biologically rooted tendency to process information more deeply and react strongly to experiences.
The term “Highly Sensitive Person,” or HSP, was coined by psychologist Elaine Aron in the mid-1990s, but the concept is gaining wider recognition as studies reveal that approximately 15 to 30 percent of the population exhibits these traits. Individuals with high SPS demonstrate increased emotional reactivity, a complex inner life, and a tendency to be easily overstimulated by environments and situations that others may identify manageable.
Researchers have found that HSPs aren’t simply more emotional; their brains process information differently. This deep processing can lead to heightened creativity, empathy, and an appreciation for nuance. However, it also makes them more susceptible to stress and overwhelm when exposed to excessive stimulation, such as loud noises, bright lights, or chaotic social settings. According to a review published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, SPS is “heritable and evolutionarily conserved,” suggesting a genetic component and a potential adaptive function throughout human history.
The four main sub-traits of HSP include deep processing of thoughts and emotions, a propensity to grow overstimulated, increased emotional responsiveness and empathy, and sensitivity to subtle details. These characteristics are not indicative of a mental health condition, but rather a normal variation in personality. Being an HSP is considered a healthy trait, though it presents unique challenges.
Identifying as an HSP often involves recognizing patterns of strong reactions to criticism, a tendency to become easily overwhelmed, and a rich inner life. Children exhibiting similar traits – frequent crying, quick overstimulation, or distress at others’ pain – may also possess high SPS, likely influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Despite the increasing awareness, the understanding of HSPs remains limited, particularly concerning representation across diverse gender identities and cultures. While research suggests equal representation between males and females, further investigation is needed to understand how cultural influences and societal expectations impact the experience of high sensitivity in non-binary and genderfluid individuals. Additional research is also needed to understand how high sensitivity is represented across cultures.
Currently, there are no standardized clinical interventions specifically designed for HSPs. However, understanding the trait can empower individuals to develop coping mechanisms and strategies for managing overstimulation and prioritizing self-care. The trait is often misunderstood, with HSPs sometimes labeled as “too sensitive” or “overly emotional,” but experts emphasize the inherent strengths and potential benefits associated with high SPS.
