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Spain’s armed forces are facing a chronic shortfall of personnel, with a deficit estimated between 13,000 and 23,000 active service members, according to a recent report by the Observatory of Military Life (OVM). The findings, presented to the Spanish Congress, reveal a continuing decline in military numbers that began in 2010, resulting in a loss of 13,300 professional soldiers as of January 2025.
Currently, the Spanish armed forces number 116,739 personnel, an increase of 329 from the previous year. However, this figure remains significantly below the maximum range of 130,000 to 140,000 professionals, including a ceiling of 50,000 command positions, stipulated by the Military Career Law. The OVM report highlights a lack of synchronization between the expansion of military resources and the growth of personnel to operate them.
The OVM, an organization linked to the Spanish Parliament and tasked with analyzing the situation of military personnel, attributes the shortfall to a lack of interest in professional military careers. This represents driven by inadequate salaries and challenges related to geographic mobility, according to the report. Mariano Casado Sierra, President of the OVM, presented the findings to the Congress’s Defense Committee, emphasizing the require for urgent analysis of the underlying causes.
Despite an 18% increase in available positions for the armed forces in 2024 – totaling 8,062 – the ratio of applicants per position decreased from 4.30 in 2023 to 4.20. The decline in interest is particularly pronounced in applications for officer positions, which fell by 8.5% from 3,269 in 2023 to 2,993 in 2024.
The report also notes an increase in complaints of sexual and gender-based harassment within the armed forces, rising by 10.8% in 2024. The Army registered 25 complaints, followed by the Air and Space Force with 13, the Navy with 9, the Ministry of Defense with 3, and the Defense Staff with 1. As of yet, none of these complaints have resulted in convictions.
While the overall percentage of women in the Spanish armed forces remains relatively low, it has seen a slight increase, reaching 13.1% at the end of 2024, up from 13% the previous year. This represents a net increase of 119 female personnel. Spain’s figure exceeds the NATO average of 12.73%.
The OVM was established in 2014 under the Organic Law on National Defense and operates as an advisory and consultative body attached to the Cortes Generales. Composed of nine individuals with expertise in defense, human resources, and fundamental rights, five members are appointed by the Congress and four by the Senate for five-year terms. The organization’s 2023 report was approved unanimously by its plenary session in September 2024.