In the previous issue, I analyzed the liver function index. In this issue, I will dismantle the myth of the cancer index. After all, if a healthy person finds a certain type of cancer index higher than the normal level during the physical examination, is it equivalent to confirming that he has cancer?
When human cells are inflamed or cancerous, certain proteins or other substances may be produced, and the “cancer index” can be obtained by examining the concentration of individual biomarkers in the blood; however, a cancer index higher than the normal level may be affected The influence of different factors, such as bad living habits, benign or chronic diseases, etc., so the level of the index is only for reference. Doctors generally arrange more detailed examinations according to the situation to find out the root of the problem.
The following biomarkers of several common cancers can help you have a preliminary understanding of the cancer index:
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Colorectal Cancer – Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Colorectal cancer is the second cancer killer in Hong Kong. The higher the CEA index in the blood, the greater the chance of developing colorectal cancer. However, people with smoking habits can also increase the CEA index. If in doubt, the doctor will first arrange a fecal occult blood test, and if necessary, recommend colonoscopy, during which tissue samples can be taken for testing or polyps can be removed.
Prostate Cancer – Prostate Cancer Antigen (PSA)
If the PSA level in the blood reaches 4ng/ml or above, it reflects the possibility of developing prostate cancer. However, men with benign prostatic hyperplasia also have the chance of exceeding the normal level of PSA. Therefore, the doctor usually arranges a digital rectal examination to confirm whether there is any abnormal hard lump by touching the prostate, and arranges a needle biopsy if necessary.
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA
The Epstein-Barr virus that can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma will release its DNA in the blood, so the higher the EBV index, the greater the chance of suffering from nasopharyngeal carcinoma; however, the DNA of Epstein-Barr virus does not necessarily come from tumors, because the virus can lie dormant for a long time In the body, sometimes it can be activated for no reason (Reactivation), causing the index to rise. If in doubt, the doctor will generally suggest endoscopic examination for the patient to confirm whether there are abnormal tissues in the nasopharynx. If necessary, tissue samples can be taken during the examination.
A normal cancer index does not mean that there is no cancer, because early cancer does not necessarily increase the index. It is recommended that in addition to regular medical examinations, if you feel any discomfort, you should seek medical advice as soon as possible.
Sanatorium & Hospital Clinical Oncology Specialist – Dr. Poon Ming Chun