Europe’s New Border Checks: Beyond the Queues, a Future of Travel Surveillance
By October 2024, a staggering 400 million border crossings into Europe will be subject to biometric scanning – fingerprints and facial recognition – under the EU’s new Entry/Exit System (EES). While initial concerns center on potential travel delays, this rollout represents a far more profound shift: the normalization of comprehensive travel surveillance and the dawn of a new era in border security, with implications extending far beyond simply tracking overstays.
The EES: How it Works and What to Expect
Starting October 12th, non-EU citizens traveling to the Schengen Area (excluding Cyprus and Ireland) will be required to register their biometric data at automated kiosks. This includes a photograph and fingerprints. The system aims to replace the traditional passport stamp with a digital record of entry and exit, allowing authorities to monitor stays and identify individuals who may have overstayed their permitted time. Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland are also participating, aligning with the European Economic Area.
The initial phase will see a staggered implementation, with France and Germany prioritizing a smooth rollout to avoid massive congestion, particularly during peak travel seasons. Smaller member states may implement the system fully from the outset. Full implementation across all member states is expected by mid-April.
Impact on UK Travelers Post-Brexit
Brexit has placed British nationals squarely within the scope of the EES. UK authorities have already cautioned travelers to anticipate “a few extra minutes” at border crossings. Infrastructure is being installed at key entry points like London’s St Pancras and the port of Dover, with pre-screening checks being conducted in the UK to streamline the process. Eurostar and Getlink, the Channel Tunnel operator, have expressed confidence in their readiness, but the reality of increased processing times remains a significant concern.
Beyond EES: The Coming of ETIAS and a Fully Digital Border
The EES is just the first step. Following its implementation, the EU will introduce the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) in 2025. Similar to the US ESTA or Canada’s eTA, ETIAS will require citizens of visa-exempt countries to obtain pre-travel authorization by completing an online application and paying a fee. This layered approach – biometric data collection at the border combined with pre-screening – paints a picture of a future where travel to Europe is heavily regulated and digitally monitored.
This move towards a fully digital border raises important questions about data privacy and security. The vast amount of biometric data collected will be stored in a central database, potentially vulnerable to breaches or misuse. The European Data Protection Supervisor has repeatedly raised concerns about the proportionality of the data collection and the potential for function creep – the use of data for purposes beyond those originally intended. Read more about the EDPS concerns here.
The Rise of ‘Predictive Policing’ at Borders
The data collected through EES and ETIAS isn’t simply about tracking overstays. It provides a rich dataset for analyzing travel patterns and identifying potential security threats. This data can be integrated with other intelligence sources, enabling authorities to employ “predictive policing” techniques at the border – identifying individuals deemed to be at higher risk based on their travel history and other factors. While proponents argue this enhances security, critics warn of the potential for discriminatory profiling and the erosion of civil liberties.
Implications for the Travel Industry and Beyond
The travel industry faces significant challenges adapting to these new realities. Airlines, train operators, and border control agencies must invest in new infrastructure and training. The potential for increased processing times could deter travelers, impacting tourism revenue, particularly in countries heavily reliant on visitor spending. However, the long-term impact may be a shift towards more seamless, automated travel experiences for pre-approved travelers, while those deemed “higher risk” face more scrutiny.
Furthermore, the EU’s approach to border security is likely to influence other countries. We may see a global trend towards increased biometric data collection and pre-travel screening, as nations seek to enhance security and manage migration flows. The debate over the balance between security and privacy will only intensify as these technologies become more widespread.
The implementation of the EES isn’t just about faster border checks; it’s a fundamental reshaping of how Europe manages its borders and interacts with the world. Understanding the implications of this shift is crucial for travelers, businesses, and policymakers alike. What are your predictions for the future of travel security in a post-EES world? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
