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Singapore & Shenzhen: Gateway Hubs for SE Asia & Greater Bay Area

by James Carter Senior News Editor
written by James Carter Senior News Editor

Singapore & Shenzhen: Forging a Tech & Investment Gateway to Southeast Asia

Imagine a future where the innovation hubs of Shenzhen and Singapore operate as a single, powerful economic engine, channeling investment and technological advancements across Southeast Asia and China’s Greater Bay Area. This isn’t a distant possibility; it’s a strategy actively being cultivated, as highlighted by recent discussions between Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister Gan Kim Yong and Shenzhen’s Party Secretary Meng Fanli. The deepening collaboration between these two dynamic cities signals a significant shift in regional economic dynamics, offering both opportunities and challenges for businesses and investors.

The Synergistic Power of Two Gateways

Singapore and Shenzhen, despite their distinct characteristics, share a crucial commonality: they serve as vital gateways. Singapore unlocks access to the diverse markets of Southeast Asia, while Shenzhen provides a launchpad into the vast and rapidly evolving Greater Bay Area. Recognizing this, DPM Gan emphasized the potential for a synergistic partnership, with Singapore and Shenzhen working in tandem to attract investment and foster innovation. This isn’t simply about trade; it’s about building interconnected ecosystems.

Shenzhen’s economic prowess is undeniable. As China’s third-largest city by GDP (3.68 trillion yuan or approximately $664 billion in 2023), it’s a hotbed for tech giants like Huawei, Tencent, and BYD, fueled by a young and dynamic population of 18 million. Singapore, while smaller in scale, offers a sophisticated financial infrastructure, a stable regulatory environment, and a strategic location that makes it an ideal regional headquarters. The combination is compelling.

The Sijori Growth Triangle & Beyond: A Regional Network

The potential for collaboration extends beyond a direct Singapore-Shenzhen link. DPM Gan highlighted the Sijori Growth Triangle – encompassing Singapore, Johor (Malaysia), and the Riau Islands (Indonesia) – as a key area for synergy. He envisioned Shenzhen companies leveraging Singapore’s connectivity to tap into manufacturing opportunities in Johor and access raw materials from Batam, utilizing Singapore as a regional logistics hub and headquarters. This builds on the renewed focus on economic integration within the Sijori region, following recent talks between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Investment Flows: A Growing Trend

The investment trend is already visible. Shenzhen companies invested US$640 million in Singapore in the first half of 2025, up from US$450 million in 2024. Singaporean firms, in turn, invested US$270 million in Shenzhen in the first half of 2025, following US$410 million in 2024. While China’s economy currently faces headwinds, DPM Gan expressed confidence in its long-term potential, reinforcing Singapore’s commitment to continued investment.

Investment flows between Singapore and Shenzhen are on the rise, indicating growing economic ties. (Source: Placeholder Data)

Focus Areas: Digital Economy, Green Tech & Smart Cities

The collaboration isn’t limited to investment. Several key sectors are poised for growth. The digital economy, green technology, supply chain resilience, healthcare services, and biotech development were all identified as areas of mutual interest. Building on the existing Singapore-China (Shenzhen) Smart City Initiative, launched in 2019, both cities are keen to explore opportunities in artificial intelligence and digital innovation.

Smart City Initiatives: A Blueprint for the Future

The Singapore-China (Shenzhen) Smart City Initiative provides a valuable framework for future collaboration. This project aims to enhance digital connectivity, promote innovation, and facilitate access to markets in both regions. Recent visits by DPM Gan to Shenzhen tech companies, including the Shenzhen InnoX Academy and UBTech Robotics, demonstrate a commitment to learning from Shenzhen’s advancements in areas like robotics and drone technology. The live demonstration of drone delivery in Shenzhen, for example, offers valuable insights for Singapore’s own logistics sector.

Beyond Economics: Tourism & People-to-People Exchanges

The partnership extends beyond purely economic considerations. Tourism and people-to-people exchanges are also gaining momentum. Singapore is now Shenzhen’s largest source of foreign visitors in 2025, surpassing the United States (2024) and Malaysia (2023). Both cities are exploring ways to facilitate tourism product development, catering to the growing demand from Singaporeans traveling to China and vice versa. Student exchange programs are also being prioritized to foster stronger ties between the two nations.

Expert Insight:

“The increasing flow of students and professionals between Singapore and Shenzhen is crucial for building long-term trust and understanding. These exchanges foster a deeper appreciation for each other’s cultures and business practices, paving the way for more successful collaborations.” – Dr. Li Wei, Regional Economic Analyst, Asia Pacific Institute.

Navigating the Challenges & Future Outlook

While the prospects are promising, challenges remain. Geopolitical tensions, differing regulatory frameworks, and cultural nuances require careful navigation. However, the commitment from both sides, as evidenced by the high-level discussions and ongoing initiatives, suggests a strong determination to overcome these hurdles. The future likely holds increased integration of supply chains, greater cross-border investment, and a flourishing exchange of ideas and talent.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Sijori Growth Triangle?
The Sijori Growth Triangle is an economic cooperation initiative between Singapore, Johor (Malaysia), and the Riau Islands (Indonesia), aimed at attracting investment by leveraging each region’s strengths.
What are the key sectors for collaboration between Singapore and Shenzhen?
The key sectors include the digital economy, green technology, supply chain resilience, healthcare services, and biotech development.
How does the Singapore-China (Shenzhen) Smart City Initiative contribute to this partnership?
The initiative aims to boost digital connectivity, promote innovation, and create opportunities for companies in both regions to access markets in the Greater Bay Area and Southeast Asia.
What are the potential benefits for businesses?
Businesses can benefit from access to new markets, investment opportunities, technological advancements, and a more resilient supply chain.

The evolving relationship between Singapore and Shenzhen isn’t just a bilateral agreement; it’s a harbinger of a more interconnected and dynamic future for the entire region. Businesses that proactively position themselves to capitalize on this synergy will be best placed to thrive in the years to come. What strategic moves will *you* make to leverage this emerging gateway?

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world

Seoul Bakeries Upset by YouTuber’s Lucrative Bakery Pop-Up Event Sparks Local Backlash

by Omar El Sayed - World Editor
written by Omar El Sayed - World Editor

Seoul Bakery Pop-Up Ignites Debate Over Rising Bread Prices in South Korea

Table of Contents

SEOUL – A limited-time bakery in Seoul has become the focal point of a heated national discussion regarding the soaring cost of bread in South Korea.The initiative,launched Saturday,aims to spotlight the financial strain on consumers as prices for staple baked goods continue to climb.

The 990 Won Bakery: A Bold Statement

syuka World, a popular finance-centered YouTube channel boasting over 3.6 million subscribers, spearheaded the pop-up bakery in Seongsu-dong. The establishment offers popular items – including salt bread, bagels, and baguettes – at a remarkably low price of 990 won, equivalent to approximately $0.70. This significantly undercuts prevailing market prices.

Addressing ‘Breadflation’ and Supply Chain Concerns

The project, developed in collaboration with Glow Seoul, a branding firm, is intended to demonstrate the potential for lower prices through streamlined distribution. Organizers explain that the bakery, dubbed “ETF Bakery” – representing “Express trade Farm” – directly sources ingredients from producers, bypassing conventional supply chain markups. The move directly responds to the growing phenomenon of “breadflation” in Korea.

Recent data from Statistics Korea reveals that the consumer price index for bread in August reached 138.55, a considerable 38.55 percent increase from the 2020 baseline. Numbeo, a global cost-of-living database, further illustrates the disparity, showing KoreaS average price for a 500g loaf is $3.06, compared to just $1.20 in Japan.

Mixed Reactions: Support and Criticism

The affordable prices at ETF Bakery resonated with many consumers, who viewed it as confirmation that bread prices in Korea are inflated. Online comments expressed strong support for the pop-up’s model, questioning why basic bread varieties ofen sell for around 3,000 won elsewhere. However, the initiative has also drawn sharp criticism from established bakery owners.

Some bakery owners reported being accused of overcharging customers following the bakery’s rise in popularity.One local baker told media outlets that, even with high-volume sales, matching the 990 won price point is impossible, citing ingredient costs alone. “I start baking at 4:30 in the morning and barely sleep,” the baker stated, emphasizing the struggles of maintaining reasonable prices amidst rising expenses.

Factors Driving Up Bread Prices

Industry analysts attribute Korea’s high bread prices to a combination of factors. Labor costs represent a notable 28.7 percent of production expenses in the baking industry, exceeding the food manufacturing average of 8.1 percent. Moreover, korea relies on imports for over 99 percent of its wheat supply, making it vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations and shifts in global grain prices.

Factor percentage of Production Cost
Labor Costs (Baking Industry) 28.7%
Labor Costs (Food Manufacturing Average) 8.1%
Wheat import Reliance >99%

Clarification of Intentions

Glow Seoul issued a statement clarifying that the pop-up was not intended to disparage local bakeries. Instead, they aimed to stimulate public discussion about rising food costs and demonstrate that affordability and quality can coexist through more efficient sourcing methods. ETF Bakery is currently operating within glow Seongsu, a cultural and food space in eastern Seoul.

Did You Know? South Korea’s reliance on wheat imports makes it particularly susceptible to global commodity price shocks.

Pro Tip: Consumers can support local bakeries by seeking out establishments that prioritize locally sourced ingredients and sustainable practices.

The Global Food Price Crisis: A Broader Context

The situation in South Korea reflects a broader global trend of rising food prices, driven by factors such as climate change, geopolitical instability, and supply chain disruptions. The food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reports that global food commodity prices remain elevated compared to previous years,impacting affordability for consumers worldwide. Understanding these systemic issues is crucial for navigating the challenges of food security and affordability.

Frequently Asked Questions About Bread Prices in Korea

  • What is “breadflation”? It refers to the escalating cost of bread and other baked goods, reflecting broader inflationary pressures on food prices.
  • Why is bread so expensive in Korea? High labor costs,reliance on wheat imports,and supply chain factors contribute to higher bread prices.
  • What is ETF Bakery trying to achieve? The pop-up aims to demonstrate that lower prices are possible through streamlined sourcing and distribution.
  • Are korean bakeries overcharging? The debate is complex; the pop-up has sparked discussion,but bakery owners cite rising costs as justification for current prices.
  • How can consumers save money on bread? Seek out bakeries that prioritize efficient sourcing, consider baking at home, or explore option grain-based products.

What are your thoughts on the pricing differences? Do you think more openness in the food supply chain is needed?

How does the YouTuber’s financial backing and team size compare to that of typical artisan bakeries in Seoul, and what impact does this disparity have on competition?

Seoul Bakeries upset by YouTuber’s Lucrative Bakery Pop-Up Event Sparks Local Backlash

The Rise of “Pop-Up Culture” in Seoul’s Food Scene

Seoul’s vibrant food scene, already renowned for its street food and innovative cafes, has seen a surge in pop-up bakery events. These temporary installations, often leveraging social media hype, have become increasingly popular, particularly among younger demographics.Though, a recent event featuring a prominent food YouTuber has ignited a firestorm of controversy, exposing tensions between established Seoul bakeries and influencer-driven businesses. The core issue revolves around perceived unfair advantages and the impact on local,independent businesses.

The Controversy: A YouTuber’s Highly successful Pop-Up

The backlash centers on a week-long pop-up event hosted by[YouTuber’sName-[YouTuber’sName-replace with actual name], a popular figure known for their baking tutorials and food reviews. The event, held in the trendy Gangnam district, reportedly generated significant revenue – estimates suggest upwards of ₩500 million (approximately $375,000 USD) – within its first three days.

Several factors fueled the discontent among local bakeries:

Exclusive Ingredient Sourcing: allegations surfaced that the YouTuber secured exclusive access to high-demand ingredients,creating shortages for other bakeries. This impacted their ability to produce popular items, leading to customer dissatisfaction.

Massive Scale & Resources: Unlike many small, independent artisan bakeries in Seoul, the pop-up benefited from substantial financial backing and a dedicated team, allowing for a significantly larger production capacity and marketing reach.

Perceived Lack of baking Expertise: Some critics questioned the YouTuber’s actual baking skills, suggesting the event relied heavily on outsourced production, a claim the YouTuber has denied. This sparked debate about authenticity within the Korean baking industry.

Social Media Dominance: The YouTuber’s pre-existing large following on platforms like Instagram and youtube guaranteed a massive influx of customers, overshadowing smaller businesses relying on organic growth.

Voices from Seoul’s Baking Community

The frustration is palpable within Seoul’s baking community. Many independent bakeries feel they are operating on an uneven playing field.

“We spend years building our reputation, perfecting our recipes, and sourcing quality ingredients,” says Kim Min-ji, owner of a small bakery in the Hongdae area. “to see someone with a large online following come in and generate that much revenue in a week, without the same level of investment and dedication, feels incredibly unfair.”

online forums and social media groups dedicated to Seoul food and Korean desserts are filled with similar sentiments. Hashtags like #SupportLocalBakeries and #FairBaking are gaining traction, reflecting a growing movement to support independent businesses.

The Legal Landscape & Regulations for Pop-up Businesses

Currently, South Korea’s regulations regarding temporary food businesses, like pop-up bakeries, are relatively lenient. A business registration certificate and adherence to food safety standards are generally required. Though, there’s a growing call for stricter regulations, particularly concerning:

Ingredient Allocation: Ensuring fair access to ingredients, especially those in limited supply.

Transparency in Production: Requiring clear disclosure of weather products are made in-house or outsourced.

marketing Practices: Addressing perhaps misleading advertising or claims of expertise.

Temporary Business Permits: Streamlining the process for obtaining permits while ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations.

The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety is reportedly reviewing existing regulations in light of the recent controversy.

Impact on Seoul’s Bakery Tourism & Food Culture

This incident raises broader questions about the impact of influencer culture on Seoul’s food tourism and the preservation of its unique culinary traditions. While pop-up events can undoubtedly attract visitors and generate excitement, they also risk homogenizing the food scene and undermining the efforts of dedicated artisans.

Related Search Terms: Seoul cafes, Korean pastry, Gangnam food, Seoul food trends, Korean baking classes, best bakeries in Seoul.

Benefits of Supporting Local Bakeries in Seoul

Choosing to support independent Seoul bakeries offers numerous benefits:

Unique & Authentic Flavors: Discover customary Korean pastries and innovative creations you won’t find anywhere else.

High-Quality Ingredients: Local bakeries often prioritize using fresh, locally sourced ingredients.

Community Support: Your purchase directly contributes to the livelihood of local entrepreneurs and their families.

Preservation of culinary heritage: Supporting independent bakeries helps preserve traditional baking techniques and recipes.

Personalized Experience: Enjoy a more intimate and personalized experience compared to larger, commercial establishments.

Practical Tips for Finding Authentic Bakeries in Seoul

Explore Neighborhoods Beyond Gangnam: Venture into areas like Hongdae, Ikseon-dong, and Seongsu-dong to discover hidden gems.

Read Online Reviews: Check platforms like Naver Maps, KakaoMap, and Google Maps for recommendations.

Follow Local Food Bloggers & Instagram Accounts: Discover new bakeries and stay updated on the latest trends.

Look for Bakeries with a Focus on Artisan Techniques: Seek out establishments that emphasize traditional methods and high-quality ingredients.

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world

China Improves Vocational Education With High-Tech Majors Amid Shortage in Skilled Workers

by Alexandra Hartman Editor-in-Chief
written by Alexandra Hartman Editor-in-Chief

China Reforms ​Vocational Education to Meet ⁣Rising Demand for Skilled Workers

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

china’s government is making significant strides to elevate vocational education, driven by the country’s growing‍ need for skilled blue-collar workers. ‌traditionally viewed as an option‌ for less academically⁢ inclined students, vocational schools are ​undergoing a conversion to meet the demands of a modernizing economy. Ms. ⁤Xia Tianxin, an 18-year-old student pursuing financial services and management at Beijing Vocational College of Finance and Commerce, highlights the changing perception‍ of vocational ⁢education.‍ “Some ⁣people, especially the older generation, think ⁣vocational schools are‌ for bad ⁢students⁣ or those who can’t study,”⁤ she ⁣explains, referencing the stigma that once surrounded ⁢these institutions. However, she emphasizes that her parents were supportive of her decision. “Thankfully, my ⁣parents were more progressive ‍and said ⁤it was okay‌ for me to attend ​vocational school as they didn’t want me ​to be⁤ over-stressed,” she adds. ⁢Since 2022, China has taken steps to change the status of vocational education by revising ⁢laws ⁤to ‌give‌ it equal standing with general education. This move ‌reflects the country’s growing need for skilled workers in​ key sectors like manufacturing and ‍services, with projections indicating⁤ a shortage‌ of 30 million ‍such workers by⁣ 2025. ​ to address ⁤this gap,China’s Ministry of Education announced ⁣40 new‍ vocational majors in December 2024,the largest expansion⁣ since 2021. Over half of these courses focus‍ on digital technology, advanced manufacturing, and sectors such as aerospace ‍equipment ⁤manufacturing.The ​expanded curriculum also includes⁣ fields like ‌artificial intelligence,new materials and biomedicine,along with programs in nuclear ⁢engineering​ and technology,high-quality farmland construction,and⁤ resource recycling ⁢engineering.

Bridging the Gap ⁤Between Perception and ​Opportunity

Despite ‍the government’s efforts, societal perceptions of ⁣vocational ⁤education remain a challenge. Professor Xiong Bingqi,‌ director⁣ of ​the Beijing-based 21st Century Education Research Institute, observes a ‌”slight shift in viewpoint,” ⁣with more students opting‌ for vocational⁤ education over university degrees as a ⁤reflection of evolving societal needs. Though, the earning potential associated with vocational ‌education still trails‍ behind universities. A 2022 survey ‌revealed that around ‍64% of vocational college graduates earned less than ‍5,000 yuan (S$930) per month, compared to an average of⁤ 5,990 yuan​ for fresh university graduates. Nonetheless, demand for ‍blue-collar jobs is on the rise, with average salaries increasing by 35.8% over the past five years,‌ according to​ a ⁢June 2024 report from ⁢Chinese​ career ‌development platform Zhaopin.⁢ Applications for these positions among young people aged 25 and under surged ​by 165% ⁤in the first quarter of⁣ 2024 compared⁤ to the same period in 2019. Some​ young people still consider vocational school a stepping stone to ‍a‍ university degree. “Is it likely I will get a ‍good job⁣ after I graduate from vocational school? no,” ⁣says Ma Xinyang, a ‍17-year-old studying at a vocational school in Beijing ‌with aspirations to work in the insurance sector. He believes that a bachelor’s degree is essential ‍for career advancement.

The Path Forward:‍ Elevating Vocational Education

Dr.Peter Gu, an‍ associate⁤ professor at Victoria University of Wellington’s School ‍of Linguistics and Applied Language studies, emphasizes the importance of‍ valuing vocational education. He argues that while⁣ China needs ⁤“top-level scientists,” it also requires a larger pool of “tooling engineers and skilled ‌workers” to translate scientific advancements⁢ into practical applications. While recognizing the positive step of adding high-tech vocational majors, Dr. Gu stresses that ⁢true parity will come when “working opportunities and salaries for vocational graduates become seen as ⁤equal to those for university graduates.” despite the‍ challenges, ‍Ms. Xia remains optimistic about the future of vocational education. She believes‌ that societal‍ attitudes are ‌evolving as schools⁢ introduce a wider range of high-quality programs.”I think people ⁣will be less biased against vocational students over time… as schools ​have been pushing out⁢ a lot of ⁣substantial ‌majors that are⁢ more⁣ respectable ‌in society,” she says.
## ‍Archyde ⁣Exclusive:‍ China’s Vocational Revolution – An Interview with Xia Tianxin



**archyde News**: Welcome,⁢ Xia Tianxin.​ Thank you for joining us today.⁢ You’re currently a student at Beijing Vocational college of Finance and Commerce, pursuing a captivating field⁤ – financial services and management.



**Xia Tianxin**: It’s a pleasure too be here.



**Archyde News**: China is undergoing a significant change in its approach to vocational education. Can you share your ⁢personal experience⁢ and perspectives on this shift?



**Xia tianxin**: Absolutely. I‌ think⁢ many people, especially in the older generation, still hold the outdated view ⁣that vocational schools are only for students who ⁣struggle academically. [1] But that perception is definitely changing. My parents were remarkably supportive of my decision to attend a vocational school. They understood that ‍this path aligns ⁤better with my strengths and interests, and​ they⁢ didn’t wont me to feel pressured by the customary ⁤academic ​route.



**Archyde News**:‌ Your experience ⁤reflects a broader trend. The Chinese government has actively taken measures to revamp vocational education,‌ elevating its status to be on par with general education. Why is this happening?



**Xia Tianxin**: There’s ‍a simple answer: China needs⁤ skilled workers.[1] The contry ‌is modernizing rapidly, with booming sectors like manufacturing and services. There’s a projected ‍shortage⁣ of 30 million skilled workers by 2025! [1] Vocational schools‌ are crucial ⁣in bridging this gap, providing practical, hands-on training that ⁤directly meets industry ​demands.



**Archyde ⁢News**: ⁣ That’s a staggering ⁤number! It underscores⁢ the urgency and importance of vocational‍ training. The government has also introduced 40 new vocational majors, with a focus on cutting-edge fields like digital⁣ technology and advanced ‌manufacturing. do you believe these changes are adequately addressing the needs of a‌ rapidly evolving job ⁤market?



**Xia Tianxin**: I believe they are definitely stepping in the ‍right direction. [1] By focusing on in-demand skills and aligning vocational programs with industry needs, China is creating ⁣a workforce that’s ready to contribute to ⁤the nation’s economic growth.



**Archyde news**: Thank you, Xia Tianxin, ‍for⁣ sharing your insights. You offer a hopeful viewpoint on the future of vocational education ⁣in China.


## Archyde Presents: Focusing on teh Future: A Conversation on China’s Vocational Education Revolution



**Host:** Welcome back to Archyde insights. Today we’re diving deep into China’s ongoing conversion of vocational education, a change driven by the demands of a rapidly modernizing economy. Joining me today is Ms. xia Tianxin, an 18-year-old student at Beijing Vocational College of Finance and Commerce, and Dr.Peter Gu, associate Professor at Victoria University of Wellington’s School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. Welcome to both of you!





**Xia:** Thank you!



**Dr. Gu:** it’s a pleasure to be here.



**Host:** Ms. Xia,let’s start with you. You’re pursuing studies in financial services and management. Can you share what drew you to vocational school and how perceptions have shifted regarding this educational path?



**Xia:** Absolutely. When I told some peopel about my decision, especially those from older generations, they expressed surprise, even suggesting vocational school was for students who weren’t academically inclined.



Fortunately, my parents were very supportive. They understood the advantages of a more practical, skills-based education, notably in a field like finance.





**Host:** That’s insightful. Dr. Gu, from a broader perspective, what are your thoughts on the rebranding of vocational education in China?



**Dr. Gu:** This is critically important. China’s economic development necessitates a highly skilled workforce. While top-tier scientists are vital, we also need qualified technicians, engineers, and skilled tradespeople to bring these scientific advancements to life. Rebranding vocational education and adding these high-tech majors is a step in the right direction, but true parity will come when vocational graduates have equal opportunites and salaries as their university counterparts.



**Host:** Ms. Xia,what are your thoughts on the earning potential associated with vocational education versus a university degree?



**Xia:** It’s true,traditionally,university graduates have had higher earning potential,but I believe that’s gradually changing. There’s a growing demand for skilled workers, and the gap between salaries is narrowing.



Moreover,vocational education provides practical skills and real-world experience that can be immediately applied to the workforce.



**Host:** That’s an interesting point. Ma Xinyang, a 17-year-old studying at a vocational school in Beijing with aspirations to work in insurance, had this to say: “Is it likely I will get a good job after I graduate from vocational school? No.” He believes a bachelor’s degree is essential for career advancement. Dr. Gu, what are your thoughts on this sentiment?



**Dr. Gu:** Sadly, this reflects a persistent societal perception.



This highlights the need for continued efforts from both the government and private industry to showcase the value and career prospects available through vocational pathways.



**Host:** Moving forward, what does success look like for China’s vocational education reform?



**Xia:** I believe success will look like a society where vocational education is just as respected and valued as a university degree.



I hope to see more young people choosing this path because they see it as a viable and fulfilling option, not as a second choice.



**Dr. Gu:** I agree. Achieving parity in opportunity and earnings, coupled with robust industry partnerships and evolving curricula reflective of market demands, will be key indicators of success.





**Host:** Thank you both for your insights.

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Economy

Potential Trade War Threatens US Agriculture Exports to China

by Alexandra Hartman Editor-in-Chief
written by Alexandra Hartman Editor-in-Chief