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Cancer rates continue to climb globally, with a particularly concerning rise in diagnoses among younger adults. Even as the disease often feels inevitable, a growing body of research suggests a significant portion of cancer cases – nearly four in ten – may be preventable through lifestyle adjustments and public health initiatives. A new study published in Nature Medicine identifies eight key factors that, if addressed, could dramatically reduce the global cancer burden.

The research, examining 30 preventable cancer causes, estimates that 37% of the 18.7 million new cancer cases reported in 2022 were linked to modifiable risk factors. This translates to millions of potential cases that could be avoided by focusing on prevention. The impact of these factors varies by sex, with approximately 30% of cancer cases in women and 45% in men deemed preventable. This underscores the importance of tailored prevention strategies, recognizing that risk profiles differ significantly.

Leading Preventable Cancer Causes

Researchers identified a range of behavioral, environmental, and occupational risk factors contributing to cancer development. The most prevalent causes include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, insufficient physical activity, smokeless tobacco use, air pollution, ultraviolet radiation exposure, and infection. According to Amar Rewari, M.D., chief of radiation oncology for Luminis Health and host of the Value Health Voices Podcast, lifestyle factors play a larger role in higher-income countries, while infection-related cancers are more prominent in lower-resource settings.

Dr. Rewari explained that in areas with limited resources, cancer-causing infections often stem from early-life chronic infections that go untreated due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited access to clean water or vaccinations. For example, stomach cancer linked to H. Pylori infections is particularly prevalent in Japan and Korea, while liver cancer associated with hepatitis B and C viruses is common in Africa. However, increased access to vaccines and screenings has already demonstrated a reduction in these rates, though significant work remains. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 37% of cancer cases are preventable, reinforcing the study’s findings.

Shifting the Focus to Prevention

The study’s findings challenge conventional thinking about cancer, moving away from the notion that the disease is primarily driven by genetics or bad luck. Dr. Rewari emphasizes that nearly 40% of cancers globally are linked to factors we understand and can potentially change. This shift in perspective highlights the crucial role of prevention. “One major takeaway is how consistently a small number of risk factors drive a large share of the global cancer burden,” Dr. Rewari points out. “Tobacco remains the single largest contributor worldwide, followed by infections such as HPV, H. Pylori, and hepatitis viruses, and then alcohol, obesity, and physical inactivity.”

The results also demonstrate the progress made in cancer prevention over the decades, largely through reducing exposure to risk factors like tobacco and certain infections, rather than solely relying on treatment advancements. This underscores the power of public health interventions and preventative measures.

What You Can Do to Reduce Your Risk

Fortunately, simple lifestyle changes can significantly mitigate cancer risk. “Everyday choices and environments matter,” Dr. Rewari says. “Avoiding tobacco in all forms remains the single most important step to reduce cancer risk. Limiting alcohol, staying physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight can also make a meaningful difference over time.” Staying up-to-date on vaccinations, such as those for hepatitis B and HPV, is also crucial, as these vaccines offer powerful cancer prevention benefits beyond infection control.

While these actions can lower your chances of developing cancer, they don’t eliminate the risk entirely. Dr. Rewari stresses that individual efforts are important, but broader policies supporting clean air, safer workplaces, and access to preventative care are equally vital. “Cancer prevention works best when people are supported by healthier environments and policies, not left to do it all on their own.”

The study’s findings are promising, but further research is needed to refine our understanding of cancer prevention. Dr. Rewari cautions against overinterpreting the term “preventable,” noting that many cancers develop over decades and involve overlapping risk factors. However, the overarching message remains clear: reducing well-known risk factors at a population level could prevent millions of cancers over time.

Disclaimer: This information is intended for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and does not constitute medical advice. It’s essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.

The findings offer a hopeful outlook on cancer prevention, emphasizing the power of proactive measures. Continued research and public health initiatives will be essential to translate these insights into tangible reductions in cancer incidence worldwide. What are your thoughts on these findings? Share your comments below, and help spread awareness about cancer prevention.