The Druze of Southern Syria: Identity, Beliefs, and Perspectives on As-Suwayda’s Crisis

The situation in As-Suwayda, Syria, remains volatile following recent bloody confrontations between local clans and factions that resulted in over 300 casualties. Amidst this unrest,a ceasefire agreement was brokered by Syrian government forces wiht the city’s elders,aimed at restoring order and overseeing the disarmament of local groups.

However, the agreement has exposed deep divisions within the Druze community. Hikri Hikri, the leader of the Almohad Druze sect, has publicly rejected the ceasefire, emphasizing the need for continued “legitimate defense” and unconditional liberation of their province from what he described as “gangs.” He views this as a paramount national, humanitarian, and moral obligation.This stance was met with a counterpoint from Sheikh Yusuf jarbou, who, while respecting Hikri’s position, asserted that Hikri “has no right to confiscate our opinion,” suggesting a broader consensus among the Druze community that may differ from Hikri’s hardline approach.

Another prominent figure, Sheikh Hamoud Al-Hinnawi, a former language professor known for his moderate positions, has not yet commented on the recent events. Al-Hinnawi advocates for national dialog, the preservation of civil peace, and opposes the fragmentation of Syria. He has consistently stressed the importance of state institutions controlling weapons rather than individuals, and has spoken out against foreign interference in Syria. He was also part of a statement by elders that rejected the security services’ authority without local consensus and called for international protection for civilians. al-hinnawi is currently recovering from a recent surgery.

The article also touches on the broader regional implications of these events. Israeli officials have stated that the Syrian army violated understandings regarding the entry of heavy weapons into southern Syria, with an Israeli military official asserting that Israel “will not allow a military crowd on its borders with southern Syria.”

On Wednesday, following these developments, strong air strikes reportedly targeted the Ministry of Defense and Presidential Palace complex in Damascus, with strikes also reported in As-Suwayda and other areas. The cause and perpetrators of these air strikes are not detailed in this excerpt.

How does the esoteric nature of Druze beliefs contribute to both the preservation of their identity and potential misunderstandings from outsiders?

Defining Druze Identity in Syria

The Druze community in Syria represents a unique religious and cultural group, deeply rooted in the country’s history. As of 2010, thay constituted approximately 3.2% of the Syrian population, making them the third-largest religious group [1]. This translates to a meaningful presence, notably concentrated in the mountainous region of As-Suwayda, also known as mount Druze, east and south of Damascus [2]. Understanding their identity requires acknowledging a complex interplay of factors.

Religious Foundation: Druze faith is ofen described as a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].It draws from Ismaili Shia Islam,incorporating elements of Gnosticism,Neoplatonism,and other philosophical traditions.

Esoteric Nature: Druze beliefs are largely esoteric, with inner teachings reserved for the initiated – the ʿuqqāl (the knowledgeable). This contributes to external misunderstandings and a perception of secrecy.

cultural Distinctiveness: Beyond religion, Druze identity is shaped by a strong sense of community, traditional social structures, and a distinct cultural heritage, including unique customs and dialects.

Syrian Nationalism: Many Druze Syrians identify strongly with Syrian national identity, while concurrently maintaining their distinct religious and cultural practices.

Core Beliefs and Practices of the Druze Faith

Delving into druze beliefs reveals a system distinct from mainstream Islam, though with shared roots. Key tenets include:

1. Tawhid (Oneness of god): A central concept emphasizing the absolute unity of God.
2. Reincarnation: The belief in the transmigration of souls, influencing ethical conduct and the pursuit of spiritual refinement.
3. The Role of the ʿUqqāl: The initiated elite who possess the inner knowledge of the faith and guide the community.
4. Respect for Prophets: Recognition of prophets from various religions, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad, but with a unique interpretation.
5. Ethical Code: Emphasis on honesty, loyalty, generosity, and protection of the vulnerable.

It’s crucial to note that discussing druze beliefs with outsiders is frequently enough limited to publicly known principles, as the core doctrines are considered sacred and reserved for initiates. This contributes to the often-misunderstood nature of the faith.

As-Suwayda Province: A Ancient and Political Context

As-Suwayda province is the heartland of the Druze community in Syria. Its geographical isolation – the rugged, mountainous terrain – has historically provided a degree of autonomy.

Ottoman Era: During the ottoman period, the region enjoyed a degree of self-governance under Druze leaders, often navigating a complex relationship with central authorities.

French Mandate: The French Mandate further solidified the region’s distinct identity, establishing a separate administrative unit.

Post-Independence Syria: Following Syrian independence, As-Suwayda became a province within Syria, but retained a degree of local control and a unique political dynamic.

The syrian Civil War: The Syrian Civil War dramatically altered the landscape, presenting unprecedented challenges to the Druze community and the stability of As-Suwayda.

The crisis in As-Suwayda: Causes and Dynamics

Since 2023, As-Suwayda has experienced escalating protests and unrest, driven by a confluence of factors:

Economic Collapse: Syria’s ongoing economic crisis, exacerbated by sanctions and corruption, has led to widespread poverty, unemployment, and a dramatic decline in living standards in As-Suwayda.

Government Neglect: Residents accuse the Syrian government of neglecting the province, failing to provide basic services, and marginalizing the Druze community.

Security Concerns: The presence of pro-government militias and the perceived lack of security have fueled resentment and distrust.

Demands for Political Reform: Protesters are calling for greater autonomy,political reform,and an end to corruption.

Influence of External Actors: While the protests are largely organic, there are concerns about potential external interference and attempts to exploit the situation.

Druze Perspectives on the Crisis: A Spectrum of Views

The Druze community in As-Suwayda is not monolithic in its views on the crisis. A range of perspectives exists:

Pro-Government Supporters: Some Druze individuals and groups remain loyal to the Syrian government, viewing it as a protector against extremist groups and a guarantor of stability.

Reform Advocates: A significant segment of the community advocates for political and economic reforms within the existing Syrian state.

Autonomy Seekers: Others demand greater autonomy for As-Suwayda province, possibly including a degree of self-governance.

* Neutral Observers: Many Druze residents are simply focused