2023-08-11 07:37:18
What makes us human? Key differences found between human and primate brains
Scientists have figured out how the human brain has developed unique abilities of speech and language.
A team of scientists led by the UT Southwestern Medical Center has identified the cellular and molecular features of the brain that distinguish modern humans from primates and ancient ancestors. Research results published in the journal Nature open up new horizons in understanding the evolution of the human brain.
“Most evolutionary research on the human brain has focused on neurons, as these cells were thought to be responsible for our intelligence and enhanced cognition. This research provides us with an updated understanding of other cells involved in brain function and the role they have played in advancing cognition and our susceptibility to a range of cognitive diseases,” said study leader Genevieve Konopka, professor of neuroscience.
The researchers focused on an area of the brain known as Brodmann area 23 (BA23), using a new single-core RNA sequencing technique to compare samples from humans, chimpanzees and macaques. They found that humans have many more oligodendrocyte progenitor cells than non-human primates. These cells are known for providing support and insulation to neurons. In addition, two subtypes of excitatory neurons in humans showed increased expression of the FOXP2 gene, a protein associated with brain development regarding speech and language.
Another experiment compared the DNA of modern humans with that of Neanderthals and Denisovans, revealing dozens of genes that are functionally different in humans from their ancient relatives, especially in the excitatory neurons of the upper layers of BA23.
All of these discoveries, according to Dr. Konopka, map out how the human brain developed unique abilities that set humans apart from other species.
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