Chamomile represents a safe herbal value, although moderate consumption is recommended. Up to 200 kinds of phytochemicals are found in its tissues, including flavonoids and terpenes, two groups of plant compounds responsible for some of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that have made this plant the favorite of phytotherapists since Egyptian times.
Talking about chamomile implies talking, in reality, about many types of plants. In this article we will only refer to the two most commercial species with great medicinal importance: Matricaria chamomillaalso known as “sweet chamomile”, and A noble chameleon or “Roman chamomile”. Both species bear a certain resemblance to daisies, because they belong to the same family.
The origin of chamomile is identified with the so-called Old World and it arrived in America during colonial times. Nowadays, it is cultivated almost everywhere for its extensive healing power.
It is effective in treating stomach problems such as indigestion, as well as reducing colic. In addition, it reduces inflammation, serves to relax muscle spasms and prevent ulcers. It is also useful as an infusion (chamomile tea), to decorate some dishes and even to make creams, massage oil, shampoo and soap.
Why does chamomile have beneficial health effects?
Chamomile is associated with medicinal health benefits because it has compounds with biological activity, known as phytochemicals.
Science says that there are more than 200 phytochemicals in this plant, among which flavonoids and terpenes stand out, which are found mainly in the flowers and, in lower concentrations, in stems and leaves. For use and study in purified form, flavonoids are extracted with water or mixtures of water and alcohol. Terpenes are found in the essential oil, which is obtained through distillation.
It is crucial to note that the amount and types of phytochemicals in the plant vary depending on planting factors. This means that chamomile may show small differences in the content of these phytochemicals depending on where in the world it was grown.
This variation influences the quality and potency of products derived from chamomile, such as teas, extracts and essential oils. Still, science has demonstrated the widespread beneficial effects of chamomile in various forms of preparation and use.
A typical apple aroma much appreciated
Experiments are carried out in laboratories by administering different doses of chamomile preparations to animals, cell cultures or people, for a specific time. With these models – called alive, in vitro or clinical, respectively – it is possible to relate the dose of a preparation to the biological effects generated and propose a therapeutic dosage. Studies have confirmed the positive health effects generated by the terpenes, flavonoids and coumarins in chamomile.
From an economic point of view, chamomile is valued for its terpene-rich essential oils. These give it its typical apple aroma, from which comes its common name, highly esteemed in industries including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Terpenes are the major compounds in chamomile flowers and in this group bisabolol and azulene stand out.
Bisabolol is a bioactive compound that is very abundant in the flower of the plant. Studies done in cells ensure that it reduces inflammation by inhibiting the enzymes that promote it.
On the other hand, since it regulates the level of acidity in the stomach, it is associated with digestive benefits, such as an anti-irritant and gastroprotective. Likewise, it facilitates healing and is effective as an analgesic.
Azulene is what causes the blue color of chamomile essential oil. It is useful for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power, since it reduces harmful molecules known as free radicals involved in these processes. Various studies indicate that it reduces the development of cancer cells and that it has therapeutic value in clinical practice with cancer patients.
Anti-inflammatories that prevent cancer
Apigenin and luteolin are the most abundant flavonoids and provide anti-inflammatory properties, help expel gas, and have an antispasmodic and sedative effect. In addition, studies suggest that apigenin also reduces the risk of cancer, since it decreases proliferation in cell lines associated with prostate tumors. In addition to this, long-term consumption of apigenin has been shown to reduce obesity and plasma lipid levels.
Coumarins, such as herniarin and umbelliferone, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its value lies in its ability, demonstrated in scientific studies, to reduce the risk of cancer formation due to its cytotoxic activity.
Finally, phenolic compounds and flavonoids are related to the antioxidant effect of chamomile. This is useful for skin care and facial treatments that improve the elasticity of the dermis and prevent bacterial processes.
Ways to use chamomile and its benefits
Chamomile can be purchased in various forms: fresh or dried, infusion sachets, extract drops and essential oil. The choice of the form of use depends on the desired result, since the phytochemical content varies.
It can be prepared in the form of infusions or herbal tea, for which it is recommended to use two to four grams of dried flower and drink it three times a day. This form of use is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, coumarins and alpha-bisabolol. Therefore, it helps cure colic and diarrhea in children, it has sedative and antioxidant effects.
It was recently proven that drinking chamomile infusion improves some parameters linked to obesity and diabetes, since it regulates blood glucose levels. The topical use of the infusion helps to cure the infection in the skin and mucous membranes, especially in the throat, eyes and mouth.
It is also used to wash the eyes and wounds, eliminating germs. And it is suggested to inhale the vapors of chamomile infusion to cure the common cold.
Taking one to four milliliters of chamomile extract, made with water and alcohol, three times a day provides sedative effects because of the flavonoids. It can also be used as a cardioprotector due to its ability to stimulate the formation of new blood vessels.
On the other hand, a study carried out by Chilean scientists indicates that using chamomile extracts twice a day helps cure gingivitis, thanks to the reduction of inflammation.
Are there toxic effects when consuming chamomile?
There is not enough scientific data to demonstrate a toxic effect from the consumption of chamomile. Therefore, the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) has classified it as a GRAS product, that is, a plant that is safe to consume, based on its historical use and existing scientific evidence.
However, there is a small part of the population that is allergic to it and may suffer unwanted reactions. Those who suffer from hay fever have also shown negative effects when consuming it. Therefore, it is recommended to go to a health expert if you experience unwanted effects.
Joel de Jesús Barba Franco, PhD student, University of Guadalajara and Xochitl Aparicio Fernández, Food Research Professor, University of Guadalajara
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original.
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